Translations

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A Song of Ice and Fire novels

The main A Song of Ice and Fire novel series has been translated into 47 languages as of 2017.[1] Not all of these translations have been finished for all current books in the series, but this is a list of languages for which at least the first novel has received an official translation:

Language First translation published Publisher Translator Translated titles Notes
Albanian 2015 Shtepia Botuese Morava Anxhela Çikopano Gjueti Fronesh (A Game of Thrones)
Arabic 2015 Dar Al-Tanweer Hisham Fahmy (The Game of Thrones) لعبة العروش


(The Clash of Kings) صدام الملوك

Azerbaijani Tea Press Commissioned in 2017
Bulgarian 2001 Бард Валерий Русинов Игра на Тронове, Сблъсък на Крале, Вихър от Мечове, Пир за Врани, Танц с Дракони
Catalan 2006 (first edition)
2011 (second edition)
Devir (first edition)
Alfaguara (second edition)
Margarita Calpena i Ollé (first edition)
Inma Estany (3, 4), Esther Roig (1, 2, 3, 4), Mercè Santaulària (1, 2), Anna Llisterri (1, 2, 3, 4) and Mar Albacar (5)
Cançó de Foc i Glaç
Joc de trons "Game of thrones", November 2011
Xoc de reis "Clash of kings", December 2011
Tempesta d'espases "Storm of swords", March 2012
Festí de corbs "Feast of crows", May 2012
Dansa amb dracs "Dance with dragons", May 2012.
The first Catalan translation in 2006 split the first book into two parts, but only the first part was published, under the title La Mà del Rei (The King's Hand). A renewed attempt at a Catalan translation was restarted in 2011, continuing through all five novels. Joc de trons lacks the two original maps of Westeros, which don't appear until Xoc de reis. In the following books the maps aren't drawn in the new style we see in A Storm of Swords. All maps are translated.
Chinese (Simplified) 2005 重庆出版社 谭光磊 (Books 1 - 2)
屈畅 (Books 1 - 5)
胡绍晏 (Books 2-4)
赵琳 (Book 5)
权力的游戏 (Game of Power); 列王的纷争 (Quarrel between Kings); 冰雨的风暴 (Storm of Hail and Rain); 群鸦的盛宴 (Feast for Crows);
魔龙的狂舞 (Dance of Dragons);
The third book is split into three volumes, while the fourth is split into two.
Chinese (Traditional) 2001 高寶出版社 譚光磊 (Book 1&2)、王欣欣 (Book 2)、微光 (Book 3)、蔣鏡明 (Book 3)、廖素珊 (Book 4)、陳岳辰 (Book 5) 《權力遊戲》《烽火危城》《劍刃風暴》《群鴉盛宴》《與龍共舞》 The translation history of the Traditional Chinese version has seen two phases. The previous translation project ended in August 2006, with the publication of Book 4. Starting in 2011, the series either underwent editing or were altogether retranslated. Translators of the previous version: 譚光磊 (Book 1&2)、王欣欣 (Book 2)、鄭永生 (Book 3)、林以舜 (Book 3)、張倩茜 (Book 3)、楊立強 (Book 4)
Croatian 2003 Algoritam Tajana Pavičević Igra prijestolja, Sraz kraljeva, Oluja mačeva, Gozba vrana, Ples zmajeva The Croatian translation splits the fifth book in half, called Part 1 and Part 2, respectively. The appendix is added to the end of both of the books.
Czech 2000 Talpress Hana Březáková Hra o trůny (Game of Thrones);
Střet králů (Clash of Kings);
Bouře mečů (Storm of Swords);
Hostina pro vrány (Feast for Crows)
The Czech translation originally split all books in halves, called 1 and 2, respectively. However, the 2011 edition of A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings have been released as single volumes.
Danish 2011 Gyldendal Poul Bratbjerg Hansen
Anders Juel Michelsen
Kampen om tronen (The fight for the Throne), November 2011
Kongernes Kamp (The Battle of Kings), June 2012
En Storm af Sværd (A Storm of Swords), Nov/Dec 2012
Kragernes rige (Realm of the Crows), 2013
En dans med drager (A Dance with Dragons), 2013
Dutch 1997 Luitingh-Sijthoff Renée Vink Het spel der tronen (The Game of the Thrones)
De strijd der koningen (The Battle of the Kings)
Een storm van zwaarden (A Storm of Swords)
Een feestmaal voor kraaien (A Feast for Crows)
Een dans met draken, Deel een: Oude vetes, nieuwe strijd (A Dance with Dragons, part one: Old feuds, new battle)
Een dans met draken, Deel twee: Zwaarden tegen draken (A Dance with Dragons, part two: Swords against Dragons)
The Dutch translation splits the third and fifth book into two parts, entitled Een storm van zwaarden Deel 1 and Deel 2 and Een dans met draken Deel 1 and Deel 2 respectively.
Estonian 2006 Varrak Mario Kivistik Troonide mäng, esimene raamat, Troonide mäng, teine raamat, Kuningate heitlus, esimene raamat, Kuningate heitlus, teine raamat, Mõõkade maru, esimene osa: Teras ja lumi, Mõõkade maru, teine osa: Veri ja kuld, Vareste pidusöök, esimene raamat All books published so far in this translation are split into two volumes with one new volume published each year.
Finnish 2009 Kirjava Satu Hlinovsky Tulen ja jään laulu: Valtaistuinpeli (A Game of Thrones)
Kuninkaiden koitos (A Clash of Kings)
Miekkamyrsky 1 & 2 (A Storm of Swords, parts 1 & 2)
Korppien kestit (A Feast for Crows)
Lohikäärmetanssi 1 & 2 (A Dance with Dragons, parts 1 & 2)
Talven tuulet (The Winds of Winter)
Osa 7: Unelma keväästä (A Dream of Spring)
The Finnish translation has cut the third and fifth book for two volumes. There are also illustrated versions of the first two books, with images by Petri Hiltunen.
French 1998 Pygmalion (Hardcover)

J'ai lu (Paperback)

Jean Sola (books 1–4)

Patrick Marcel (book 5)[2]

Le Trône de fer, Le Donjon rouge, La Bataille des rois, L’Ombre maléfique, L’Invincible Forteresse, Les Brigands (hardcover) / Intrigues à Port-Réal (paperback), L’Épée de feu, Les Noces pourpres, La Loi du régicide, Le Chaos, Les Sables de Dorne, Un festin pour les corbeaux, Le bûcher d'un roi, Les dragons de Meereen, Une danse avec les dragons

The French translation splits the original books into two to four books each. Since 2008, they have been republished in a format that matches the structure of the original English versions.
Georgian 2013 Arete სატახტოთა თამაში (A Game of Thrones) Split into two books
German 1997 blanvalet (Paperback)

FanPro (Hardcover)

Jörn Ingwersen Paperback edition (since 1997): Die Herren von Winterfell (The Lords of Winterfell), Das Erbe von Winterfell (The Legacy of Winterfell), Der Thron der Sieben Königreiche (The Throne of the Seven Kingdoms), Die Saat des goldenen Löwen (The Seed of the Golden Lion), Sturm der Schwerter (Storm of Swords), Die Königin der Drachen (Queen of the Dragons), Zeit der Krähen (Time of Crows), Die dunkle Königin (The Dark Queen)

Hardcover edition (since 2004): Eisenthron (Iron Throne)
Königsfehde (King-Feud)
Schwertgewitter (Swordstorm)
Krähenfest (Crowfeast)

Blanvalet's paperback edition splits each of the original books into halves. A limited hardcover edition retaining the books' original format and with a slightly modified translation has been published by FanPro since 2004.
Greek 2011 Anubis Multiple Παιχνίδι του Στέμματος (Game of the Crown), Σύγκρουση Βασιλέων (Clash of Kings), Θύελλα από Ατσάλι (Storm of Steel), Βορά Ορνίων (Pray of Vultures), Ο Χορός των Δράκων (The Dance of Dragons)
Hebrew 1999 Opus Idit Sorer (1), Yael Sela-Shapiro (2,4), Dudu Hanoch (3), and Tzafrir Grossman (5).

משחקי הכס (Games of the Throne), עימות המלכים (Confrontation of Kings), סופת החרבות (The Storm of Swords), משתה לעורבים (Feast for Crows), (Dance with Dragons) ריקוד עם דרקונים || Except for the first book, each of the translations was split into two. ||

Hungarian 2003 Alexandra Könyvkiadó Tamás Pétersz (books 1–4) and Gábor Novák (book 5) "Trónok harca" (Game of Thrones);

"Királyok csatája" (Clash of Kings);

"Kardok vihara” (Storm of Swords);

"Varjak lakomája" (Feast for Crows);

"Sárkányok tánca" (Dance with Dragons)

The Hungarian editions were first published in hardcover. Later on, paperback editions were released. Dance with Dragons was released in the autumn of 2011. The Hungarian editions are not split into multiple volumes.
Icelandic 2012 Ugla Elín Guðmundsdóttir Krúnuleikar
Konungur Kljást
Sverðagnýr 1: Stál og snjór
Sverðagnýr 2: Blóð og gull
Irish (Gaelic) 2016 Leabhar Breac Oisín Ó Muirthile Cluiche Na Corónach Paperback
Italian 1999 Mondadori Sergio Altieri Original edition: Il trono di spade, Il grande inverno, Il regno dei lupi, La regina dei draghi, Tempesta di spade, I fiumi della guerra, Il portale delle tenebre, Il dominio della regina, L'ombra della profezia, I guerrieri del ghiaccio, I fuochi di Valyria, La danza dei draghi

Urania edition: Il gioco del trono, Lo scontro dei re, Tempesta di spade – Parte Prima, Tempesta di spade – Parte Seconda, Il banchetto dei corvi

The Italian translation splits the original books into two to three books each. Since 2007, these have been republished in a format that matches the structure of the originals (with A Storm of Swords split into two volumes) as part of the collection Urania – Le grandi saghe fantasy.
Japanese 2002 Hayakawa (早川) Hiroyuki Okabe (books 1–3)
Akinobu Sakai (book 4-5)
"七王国の玉座" (The Seven Kingdoms' Throne);

"王狼たちの戦旗" (The Wolf-King's War Banner);

"剣嵐の大地” (The Vast Land of the Sword-Storm);

"乱鴉の饗宴" (The Crows' Feast)

A Dance with Dragons (竜との舞踏 Ryū tono Butō

The Japanese editions were first published in hardcover then in paperback. A Storm of Swords and A Dance with Dragons were published in three volumes. Other books were published in two volumes.
Korean 2000 Eun Haeng Namu Publishing Co. (도서출판 은행나무) "왕좌의 게임" (Game of Thrones);

"왕들의 전쟁" (War of Kings);

"성검의 폭풍” (Storm of Holy Swords);

"까마귀의 향연" (Feast for Crows)

Latvian 2011 Whitebook Sabīne Ozola (only Book 1)
Allens Pempers
Ingus Josts
Troņu spēle (Game of Thrones);
Karaļu cīņa (Battle of Kings);
Zobenu vētra (Storm of Swords);
Vārnu dzīres (Feast of Crows);
Deja ar pūķiem (A Dance with Dragons)
Both Storm of Swords and Feast of Crows were split into two volumes.
Lithuanian 2012 Alma littera Rasa Tapinienė (Book 1)
Leonas Judelevičius (Book 2)
Jovita Liutkutė (Books 3-4)
Sostų žaidimas (Game of Thrones), 2012;
Karalių kova (Battle of Kings), 2013;
Kardų audra (Storm of Swords), 2014;
Varnų puota (Feast of Crows), 2014
Šokis su drakonais (A Dance with Dragons), 2015
A Dance with Dragons was split into two parts, the first titled Dreams and Dust
Macedonian 2014 Tопер Dимче Николовски / Анета Василевска Игра на тронови (прв дел) - Game of Thrones(Part one)
Mongolian An official Mongolian translation is known to exist.
Norwegian 2011 Vendetta forlag Kjeld Hendrik Helland-Hansen and Thomas Ingebrigtsen Lem "I vargens tid, Kampen om Jerntronen" (In the Time of the Wolf, The Fight for the Iron Throne) The Norwegian translation splits A Game of Thrones into two volumes.
Polish 1998 Zysk i S-ka Paweł Kruk (1st vol.), Michał Jakuszewski (2nd-5th vol., revision of 2nd ed. of 1st vol.) Gra o tron (A Game for a Throne)

Starcie królów (A Clash of Kings)

Nawałnica mieczy: Stal i śnieg (A Storm of Swords: Steel and Snow)

Nawałnica mieczy: Krew i złoto (A Storm of Swords: Blood and Gold)

Uczta dla wron: Cienie śmierci (A Feast for Crows: Shadows of Death)

Uczta dla wron: Sieć spisków (A Feast for Crows: Network of Intrigues)

Taniec ze smokami: część I(A Dance with Dragons: Part 1)

Taniec ze smokami: część II (A Dance with Dragons: Part 2)

The Polish translation splits A Storm of Swords, A Feast for Crows, and A Dance with Dragons into two books each.
Portuguese (Brazilian) 2010 Leya Jorge Candeias
Marcia Blasques (A Dança dos Dragões)
A Guerra dos Tronos (The War of the Thrones), A Fúria dos Reis (The Fury of the Kings), A Tormenta de Espadas (The Storm of Swords), O Festim dos Corvos (The Crows Feast), A Dança dos Dragões (The Dance of Dragons) The first 2 books (A Guerra dos Tronos and A Fúria dos Reis) in Brazilian Portuguese were released a few months before the HBO series, all in one-volume books. After the release of the translated version of A Dance with Dragons, it was noted that it lacked one chapter, The Windblown, in the first print. A second print was made, adding the missing chapter
Portuguese (European) 2007 Saída de Emergência Jorge Candeias A Guerra dos Tronos, A Muralha de Gelo, A Fúria dos Reis, O Despertar da Magia, A Tormenta de Espadas, A Glória dos Traidores, O Festim de Corvos, O Mar de Ferro, A Dança dos Dragões, Os Reinos do Caos The European Portuguese translation splits the original books into halves. The European Portuguese Editions also gave the book new titles, as the first book being divided in "Game Of Thrones" and "The Ice Wall", the 2nd "A Clash of Kings" and "The Magic Awakening", the 3rd "A Storm Of Swords" and "The Betrayer's Glory", the 4th "A Feast for Crows" and "The Iron Sea", the 5th "A Dance of Dragons" and "The Kingdon of Chaos".
Romanian 2007 Nemira Silviu Genescu (book 1)
Laura Bocancios (books 2, 3)
Laura Bocancios, Silviu Genescu (book 4)
Laura Bocancios, Ana Veronica-Mircea, Mihai Dan Pavelescu, Silviu Genescu (book 5)
Cântec de gheaţă şi foc, Urzeala tronurilor, Încleştarea regilor, Iureşul săbiilor, Festinul ciorilor, Dansul dragonilor
Russian 1999 AST Yury Sokolov (book 1)
Natalya Vilenskaya (books 2-4)
Игра престолов (Game of Thrones)
Битва королей (Battle of Kings)
Буря мечей (Storm of Swords)
Пир стервятников (Feast of Carrion-Eaters)
Танец с драконами (Dance with Dragons)
Some editions split every book into 2 volumes, others do not. The fifth book is split into two, called Танец с драконами. Грёзы и пыль (Dance with Dragons. Dreams and Dust) and Танец с драконами. Искры над пеплом (Dance with Dragons. Sparks over the Ashes) respectively.
Serbian 2003 Лагуна Nikola Pajvančić / Никола Пајванчић Игра престола/Igra prestola (A Game of Thrones)
Судар краљева/Sudar kraljeva (A Clash of Kings)
Олуја мачева - Део први: Челик и снег/Oluja mačeva - Deo prvi: Čelik i sneg (A Storm of Stones - Part I: Steel and Snow)
Олуја мачева - Део други: Крв и злато/Oluja mačeva - Deo drugi: Krv i zlato (A Storm of Stones - Part II: Blood and Gold)
Гозба за вране - Део први/Gozba za vrane - Deo prvi (A Feast for Crows - Part I)
Гозба за вране - Део други/Gozba za vrane - Deo drugi (A Feast for Crows - Part II)
Плес са змајевима - Део први: Снови и прах/Ples sa zmajevima - Deo prvi: Snovi i prah (A Dance with Dragons - Part I: Dreams and Dust)
Плес са змајевима - Део други: После гозбе/Ples sa zmajevima - Deo drugi: Posle gozbe (A Dance with Dragons - Part II: After the feast)
Third, fourth and fifth book are all split into two parts.
Sinhalese 2019 Ashirwada Prakashakayo Sewwandi Rukmaldeniya සිහසුන් සටන - Sihasun Satana - A Game of Thrones Sinhalese is the majority language in Sri Lanka.
Slovak 2014 Tatran Lucia Halová, Aňa Ostrihoňová Hra o tróny (Game of Thrones);
Súboj kráľov (Clash of Kings)
The first two books were released in hardcover. The other ones should be translated in 2015.
Slovene 2007 Mladinska Knjiga Boštjan Gorenc Igra prestolov, Spopad kraljev, Vihra mečev, Vranja gostija, Ples zmajev
Spanish 2002 Ediciones Gigamesh Cristina Macía Juego de tronos (Game of Thrones)
Choque de reyes (Clash of Kings)
Tormenta de espadas (Storm of Swords)
Festín de cuervos (Feast of Crows)
Danza de dragones (Dance of Dragons)
Swedish 1997 Forum bokförlag Louise Thulin I vargens tid (In the wolf's time)
Kampen om järntronen (The fight for the Iron Throne)
Kungarnas krig (War of the Kings)
Svärdets makt (The Power Of the Sword)
Kråkornas fest (The Crows' Feast))
Drakarnas Dans (The Dragons' Dance)
The original release split the first book into two volumes. It was later released as one volume with the name Kampen om järntronen.
Thai 1996 มหาศึกชิงบัลลังก์ Series: A Song of Ice and Fire
เกมล่าบัลลงก์ (Games of the Throne)
ราชันประจัญพล (The Clash of the Kings)
ผจญพายุดาบ (The Storm of the Swords)
กาดำสำราญเลือด (The Feast for Crows)
มังกรร่อนระบำ (The Dance of Dragons)
Turkish 2005 nArka Bahçe Yayıncılık (2005)
Epsilon Yayınevi (2012)
Nazım Akman (2005)
Sibel Alaş (2012)
Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı I: Taht Oyunları (Games of the Throne)
Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı II: Kralların Çarpışması (The Clash of the Kings)
Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı III: Kılıçların Fırtınası (The Storm of the Swords)
Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı IV: Kargaların Ziyafeti (The Feast for Crows)
Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı V: Ejderhaların Dansı (The Dance of Dragons)
The Turkish translations split into two books except for the first novel
Ukrainian 2013 Країна мрій Natalia Tysovska (2013) Game of Thrones - Гра Престолів (2013)
Clash of Kings - Битва Королів (2014)
Storm of Swords - Буря Мечів (2015)
Feast of Crows - Бенкет Стерв'ятників (not released yet)
Dance with Dragons - Танець з Драконами (not released yet)
Vietnamese 2012 Văn học Hà Ly (2012)
Cẩm Chi (2013)
Trò chơi vương quyền 1A: Sói tuyết thành Winterfell (2012) (lit. Dire wolves of Winterfell)
Trò chơi vương quyền 1B: Vua phương Bắc (2012) (lit. King of the North)
Trò chơi vương quyền 2A: Hậu duệ của sư tử vàng (2012) (lit. Descendants of Golden Lion)
Trò chơi vương quyền 2B: Bảy phụ quốc (2012) (lit. Seven Kingdoms)
Trò chơi vương quyền 3A: Sự trở lại của ngoại nhân (2013) (lit. Comeback of the Others)
Trò chơi vương quyền 3B (not released yet)
Trò chơi vương quyền 3C (not released yet)
Trò chơi vương quyền 4A (not released yet)
Trò chơi vương quyền 4B (not released yet)
Trò chơi vương quyền 5A (not released yet)
Trò chơi vương quyền 5B (not released yet)
All books published so far are split into two books each. (except third novels)

Languages not yet translated

Major languages which do not yet have translations as of 2019 include but are not limited to:

  • Languages of the Indian subcontinent: Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Nepali, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, etc. The only exception is Sinhalese, the majority language in Sri Lanka, which only recently received a translation in 2019. George R.R. Martin himself said in 2017 that "Hindi is probably the biggest language that Ice & Fire has not yet appeared in."[3]
  • Languages of Southeast Asia: Indonesian & Malay, Filipino, Khmer/Cambodian (there are translations in Thai and Vietnamese)
  • Languages of Central Asia: Persian (Farsi), Pashto, Kazakh, etc. (there is a Mongolian translation)
  • Several local, sub-national, or classical languages: Afrikaans, Armenian, Basque, Belarusian, Swahili, etc.; Frisian, Galician, Occitan, Scots, Welsh, etc.; Ancient Greek or Classical Latin (there are translations in Catalan and Irish Gaelic, as well as distinct translations in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese). Martin apparently considers the different editions for American English, British English, and Australian English to technically be different "translations", because they have different editors (including them as three distinct entries is the only way to reach his count of "47 translations").

Prequel books

The Tales of Dunk & Egg was the first prequel setting that George R.R. Martin wrote material for, beginning with the first novella in 1998, followed by a second in 2003 and a third in 2010. While only three novellas are currently finished, Martin intends for the series to eventually consist of twelve in all. The three currently published novellas were gathered together into a single hardcover collection, A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms, published in 2015.

Martin later developed an in-universe history book in collaboration with Elio & Linda of Westeros.org, published as The World of Ice & Fire in 2014. Each chapter in the book gives a broad overview for entire prequel eras.

Martin was asked to personally write several "sidebars" for The World of Ice & Fire on the history of the Targaryen dynasty, but he expanded it as he wrote it, until it no longer fit within the confines of the World book - written as in-universe excerpts from a different historian's writings. Ultimately only the first one was released in full with the World book, the chapter on Aegon the Conqueror. Samples of the other finished novellas, however, were released over the next few years: The Princess & The Queen, about half of the content on the Targaryen Civil War known as the Dance of the Dragons, was released in 2013 (actually a year before the World book went to print). This was followed in 2014 with The Rogue Prince - released out of order, as it was actually the chapter immediately before the one on the Dance, explaining how the rival factions formed. Then in 2017 The Sons of the Dragon was released, about the Faith Militant uprising era. All of these sample novellas, as well as the unpublished ones, were gathered together, revised and expanded, and released as the massive hardcover book Fire & Blood - intended to be part one of a two part series, covering the first half of the 300 year reign of the Targaryens.

Thus as of 2018, there are three prequel "hardcover books" which fans can read on their own without needing to hunt down novellas in anthologies with other authors. Not all of them have yet been translated into as many languages as the main A Song of Ice & Fire novels - particularly because the last main sequence novel was the fifth book released in 2011, while the prequel hardcover collections were published later in 2014, 2015, and 2018.

This listing is therefore provisional and needs expansion:

  • Catalan - Fire & Blood
  • Chinese (Traditional) - translations exist for The World of Ice & Fire and Fire & Blood.
  • German - A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms, The World of Ice & Fire, and Fire & Blood.
  • Hungarian - A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms, The World of Ice & Fire, and Fire & Blood.
  • Norwegian - Fire & Blood
  • Polish - all 3 prequel books were translated by Michał Jakuszewski: "The World of Ice and Fire" as "Świat Lodu i Ognia: Nieznana historia Westeros oraz Gry o tron" (publisher: Czwarta Strona; 2014); "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms" as "Rycerz Siedmiu Królestw" (publisher: Zysk i S-ka Wydawnictwo; 2014, illustrated edition 2017); due to its length Fire & Blood was split into two volumes - "Fire and Blood vol. I" as "Ogień i Krew część I" (volume I, 2018, publisher: Zysk i S-ka Wydawnictwo) and "Ogień i Krew część II" (volume II, 2019, publisher: Zysk i S-ka Wydawnictwo).
  • Portuguese (Brazilian) - The World of Ice & Fire

References

  1. Not A Blog, GRRM, January 2017
  2. Beiramar,Emmanuel Le Trône de Fer : Le nom du nouveau traducteur,accessed 10 July 2011, Fantasy.fr4 July 2011
  3. Not A Blog, GRRM, January 2017

This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Translations of A Song of Ice and Fire. The list of authors can be seen in the page history of Translations of A Song of Ice and Fire. As with A Wiki of Ice and Fire, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.