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The '''Dothraki language''' is the language spoken by the [[Dothraki]], the indigenous nomadic horse people who roam the [[Dothraki sea]] in central [[Essos]]. It is known to be a rough, harsh language.{{Ref|AGOT|3}}{{Ref|AGOT|11}}{{Ref|AGOT|61}}
{{todo|References need to be updated and added to this page}}
 
The '''Dothraki language''', is the language of the [[Dothraki]], the indigenous nomadic horse people that roam the [[Dothraki Sea]]. It is known to be a guttural, violent tongue.
 
  
==In the Books==
+
==Language==
Interesting to note that:
+
Only a few terms and translations are known from the Dothraki tongue, as [[George R.R. Martin]] has not developed an actual language.<ref name=SSM>[[So Spake Martin]]: [https://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/1250/ Yet More Questions (July 22, 2001)]</ref>
* The name for the Dothraki people and their language derives from the verb "dothralat" ("to ride"), mirroring the importance of horses in the [[Dothraki]] culture.
 
* The Dothraki have four different words for "carry," three for "push," three for "pull" and at least eight for "horse," but no word that means "please" or "follow."
 
* The longest word in Dothraki is "athastokhdeveshizaroon," which means "from nonsense."
 
* The words for "related," "weighted net," "eclipse," "dispute," "redhead," "oath," "funeral pyre," "evidence," "omen," "fang" and "harvest moon" all have one element in common: "qoy," the Dothraki word for "blood."
 
* Dothraki for "to dream" – "thirat atthiraride" – literally means "to live a wooden life"; in Dothraki, "wooden" ("ido") is synonymous with "fake."
 
* The word for "pride" – "athjahakar" – is derived from "jahak," the traditional long braid worn by Dothraki warriors ("lajaki").
 
  
* the Dothraki use "it is known" concerning a piece of common knowledge or folklore.
+
A ''[[khal]]'' is the leader of a ''[[khalasar]]'', a nomadic horde of Dothraki. A ''khal'''s wife is called a ''[[khaleesi]]'', and his heir is known as a ''[[khalakka]]''.{{Ref|aGoT|36}} When a ''khal'' dies, his ''khaleesi'' joins the ''[[dosh khaleen]]'' in the only true city the Dothraki have, [[Vaes Dothrak]].{{Ref|AGOT|36}}
* "my Sun and Stars", is used when referring to a husband.
 
  
==Notable words and phrases ==
+
A ''[[ko]]'' acts as a captain or lieutenant for a ''khal''. If a ''khal'' dies without a strong successor, ''kos'' might fight amongst themselves and form their own ''khalasars''.{{Ref|AGOT|64}}{{Ref|AGOT|68}}
* "Shierak qiya" means bleeding star (comet). The Dothraki see such signs like the [[Red Comet]] as ill omens.
 
  
==Creation==
+
According to a semi-canon source,{{Ref|AWOIAF|Aggo}} a ''[[khas]]'' consists of the personal guard of important individuals, such as a ''khaleesi''{{Ref|AGOT|23}} or a ''ko''.{{Ref|AGOT|61}} [[Bloodrider]]s are the most trusted companions and guards of a ''khal''.{{Ref|AGOT|36}}
The language was fully developed by [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], a member of the [[w:Language Creation Society|Language Creation Society]], for [[w:HBO|HBO]]'s television series [[Game of Thrones]]. over 1700 words, Peterson drew inspiration from George R.R. Martin’s description of the language, as well as from such languages as [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Turkish language|Turkish]], [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]], [[w:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]] and [[w:Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref name=hbo>{{cite web |url=http://dothraki.conlang.org/official-hbo-press-release/ |title=Official HBO Press Release |date=April 12, 2010}}</ref>
 
  
The Dothraki language was developed under two significant constraints. First, the language had to match the uses already put down in the books. Secondly, it had to be easily pronounceable or learnable by the actors. These two constraints influenced the grammar and phonology of the language: for instance, voiceless stops can be aspirated or unaspirated, as in English.
+
Dothraki use the terms "it is known" frequently.{{Ref|AGOT|61}}{{Ref|AGOT|23}}{{Ref|ACOK|12}}{{Ref|ACOK|40}}{{Ref|ASOS|57}}{{Ref|ADWD|2}}{{Ref|ADWD|16}}{{Ref|ADWD|36}}{{Ref|ADWD|52}} Bloodriders are referred to as "blood of my blood".{{Ref|AGOT|11}}{{Ref|AGOT|36}} [[Daenerys Targaryen]] and Khal [[Drogo]] refer to each other as "my [[sun]]-and-stars" and "[[moon]] of my life".{{Ref|AGOT|61}}{{Ref|AGOT|36}}{{Ref|AGOT|54}}{{Ref|AGOT|46}}{{Ref|AGOT|64}}{{Ref|AGOT|68}}{{Ref|AGOT|72}} It is unknown whether these expressions are commonly used amongst the Dothraki.
  
==Language Specifics==
+
==Known translations==
===Phonology and romanization===
+
Several names of cities, lands and others are described in the published material:
In Dothraki the consonants '''d''', '''t''', '''s''', '''n''' are dental, which sets it apart from many languages. David Peterson has said that "You know, most people probably don’t really know what Arabic actually sounds like, so to an untrained ear, it might sound like Arabic. To someone who knows Arabic, it doesn’t. I tend to think of the sound as a mix between Arabic (minus the distinctive pharyngeals) and Spanish, due to the dental consonants." <ref name=tor>{{cite web |url=http://www.tor.com/blogs/2010/04/creating-dothraki-an-interview-with-david-j-peterson-and-sai-emrys |title= Creating Dothraki - An Interview with David J Peterson and Sai Emrys |date = April 22, 2010}}</ref>.  Regarding the orthography, the Dothraki themselves don't have a writing system&mdash;nor do many of the surrounding peoples (e.g. the [[Lhazareen]]). If there were to be any written examples of Dothraki in the [[A Song of Ice and Fire]] universe, it would be in a writing system developed in the [[Free Cities]] and adapted to Dothraki, or in some place like [[Ghis]] or [[Qarth]], which do have writing systems.<ref name="wes.ru">{{cite web |url=http://westeros.ru/?p=3779 |title=Westeros.Ru interview |date=June 24, 2010}}</ref> 
 
  
==== Consonants ====
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0width="98%" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px"
There are twenty-three consonant phonemes in the Dothraki language. Here the Anglicised form is given on the left, and the IPA in brackets. 
+
!Dothraki
{| class="wikitable"
+
!Translation
|-
+
!Notes
!  
 
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
 
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
 
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
 
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
 
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
 
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
 
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 
|-
 
! [[w:Plosive|Language Creation Society]]
 
 
| t [t̪]
 
|
 
 
| k [k]
 
| q [q]
 
|
 
|-
 
! [[w:Voiced plosive|Voiced plosive]]
 
 
| d [d̪]
 
 
 
| g [g]
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
! [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
 
|
 
 
|
 
| ch [tʃ]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
! [[w:Voiced affricate|Voiced affricate]]  
+
|[[Adakhakileki]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Adakhakileki}}
|
+
|The Cannibals
|
+
|A ruined city with unknown origins
|  
+
|-
| j []  
+
|Haesh Rakhi{{Ref|AGOT|61}}
|  
+
|Lamb Men
|  
+
|The Dothraki name for the [[Lhazareen]]
|  
+
|-
|-  
+
|Jaqqa rhan{{Ref|AGOT|61}}
! [[w:Voiceless fricative|Voiceless fricative]]
+
|
| f [f]
+
|Described as the ''mercy men''. Exact translations currently unknown.
| th [θ]
+
|-
| s [s]
+
|Khalakka dothrae{{Ref|AGOT|46}}
| sh [ʃ]
+
|The prince is riding
| kh [x]
+
|
|  
+
|-
| h [h]
+
|Khalakka dothrae mr'anha{{Ref|AGOT|46}}
|-  
+
|A prince rides inside me
! [[w:Voiced fricative|Voiced fricative]]  
+
|
| v [v]  
+
|-
|  
+
|[[Krazaaj Has]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Krazaaj Has}}
| z [z]  
+
|Sharp Mountains
| zh [ʒ]
+
|A [[Ghiscari]] city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the pyramids that once stood in the city
|  
+
|-
|  
+
|[[Krazaaj Zasqa]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Krazaaj Zasqa}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|The Bones and Beyond}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Beyond the Free Cities: East of Ib}}
|  
+
|White Mountains
|-  
+
|The Dothraki name for the northern portion of the great mountain chain that divides Essos, more commonly known as the ''Bones''
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+
|-
| m [m]
+
|Khal Rhae Mhar{{Ref|AGOT|36}}
| n [n̪]
+
|The Sorefoot King
|  
+
|
|
+
|-
|  
+
|Khal Rhaggat{{Ref|AGOT|36}}
|  
+
|The Cart King
|  
+
|
|-  
+
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
+
|Rakh{{Ref|AGOT|46}}
|
+
|A boy
| l [l̪]
+
|
|  
+
|-
|  
+
|Rakh haj{{Ref|AGOT|46}}
|  
+
|A strong boy
|  
+
|
|  
+
|-
|-  
+
|Rhaesh Andahli{{Ref|AGOT|3}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Ancient History: The Arrival of the Andals}}
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
+
|The land of the Andals
|  
+
|The Dothraki name for [[Westeros]]
|  
+
|-
| r [r]  
+
|Shierak qiya{{Ref|ACOK|12}}
|  
+
|Bleeding star
|  
+
|
|  
+
|-
|  
+
|[[Vaes Aresak]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Aresak (Ibbish)}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Beyond the Free Cities: Ib}}
|-  
+
|City of Cowards
! [[w:Tap consonant|Tap]]  
+
|An [[Ib]]benese town, currently abandoned, originally called ''Ibbish''
|  
+
|-
|  
+
|[[Vaes Athjikhari]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Athjikhari (Sallosh)}}
| r [ɾ]  
+
|City of Sickness
|  
+
|A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Sallosh'', which had also been known as ''the City of Scholars''
|  
+
|-
|  
+
|[[Vaes Diaf]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Diaf (Hazdahn Mo)}}
|  
+
|City of the Skull
|-  
+
|A [[Ghiscar]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Hazdahn Mo''
! [[w:Glide (linguistics)|Glide]]  
+
|-
| w [w]  
+
|[[Vaes Efe]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Efe}}
|  
+
|City of Shackles
|  
+
|A small [[Ghiscar]]i town, currently in ruins
| y [j]  
+
|-
|
+
|[[Vaes Graddakh]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Graddakh (Sarys)}}
|  
+
|City of Filth
|  
+
|A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Sarys''
|}
+
|-
 
+
|[[Vaes Jini]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Jini (Yinishar)}}
The digraphs '''kh''', '''sh''', '''th''' and '''zh''' are all fricatives, while '''ch''' and '''j''' are affricates.  The letters '''c''' and '''x''' never appear in Dothraki, although '''c''' appears in the digraph '''ch''', pronounced like 'check'. '''b''' and '''p''' seem to appear only in names, as in '''Bharbo''' and '''Pono'''.  Voiceless stops may be aspirated. This does not change word meaning.
+
|City of Goats
 
+
|Originally a city called ''Yinishar'', currently in ruins
==== Vowels ====
+
|-
Dothraki has a four vowel system shown below:
+
|[[Vaes Gorqoyi]]{{Ref|TWOIAF|Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands}}
 
+
|City of the Blood Charge
{| class="wikitable"
+
|Originally a city called ''Mardosh'', which had also been known as the ''City of Soldiers''
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Khadokh]]{{ref|twoiaf|Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands}}{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Khadokh (Essaria)}}
 +
|City of Corpses
 +
|Originally a [[Valyria]]n colony called ''Essaria'', currently in ruins
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Khewo]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Khewo (Sarnath)}}
 +
|City of Worms
 +
|A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Sarnath''
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Leisi]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Leisi}}
 +
|City of Ghosts
 +
|A formed settlement of the “wood walkers” from the [[Kingdom of the Ifequevron]], currently in ruins
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Leqse]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Leqse (Gornath)}}
 +
|City of Rats
 +
|A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Gornath''
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Mejhah]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Mejhah}}
 +
|City of Whores
 +
|A small [[Ghiscari]] town, currently in ruins
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Orvik]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Orvik}}
 +
|City of the Whip
 +
|A small [[Qarth]]een city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the great number of slaves taken when the city was destroyed.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Vaes Qosar]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Qosar (Qolahn)}}
 +
|City of Spiders
 +
|A [[Qarth]]een city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Qolahn''
 
|-
 
|-
! Vowels
+
|[[Vaes Shirosi]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Shirosi}}
! Diphthongs
+
|City of Scorpions
 +
|A small [[Qarth]]een city, currently in ruins
 
|-
 
|-
| '''i''' [i]
+
|[[Vaes Tolorro]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Tolorro}}
| '''iy''' [ij]
+
|City of Bones
 +
|An abandoned city of unknown origin
 
|-
 
|-
| '''e''' [e]
+
|[[Vojjor Samvi]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vojjor Samvi (Kasath)}}
| '''ey''' [ej]
+
|The Broken Gods
 +
|A [[Sarnor]]i city originally called ''Kasath'', which had also been known as the ''City of Caravans'', currently in ruins
 
|-
 
|-
| '''o''' [o]
+
|Yalli Qamayi{{Ref|AWOIAF|Yalli Qamayi (Sathar)}}
| '''oy''' [oj]
+
|Wailing Children
 +
|A [[Sarnor]]i city originally called ''Sathar'', which had also been known as the ''Waterfall City'', currently in ruins
 
|-
 
|-
| '''a''' [a]
 
| '''ay''' [aj]
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
In the [[A Song of Ice and Fire]] books, '''u''' never occurs as a vowel, appearing only after "q", and only in names, as in '''Jhiqui''' and '''Quaro'''.
+
==''Game of Thrones''==
 
+
According to [[George R. R. Martin]],
In sequence of multiple vowels, each such vowel represents a separate syllable.  Examples: '''shierak''' [ʃi.e.'ɾak] ''star'', '''rhaesh''' [ɾha.'eʃ] ''country'', '''khaleesi''' ['xa.l̪e.e.si] ''queen''.
+
{{Quote|[[w:Tolkien|Tolkien]] was a philologist, and an Oxford don, and could spend decades laboriously inventing [[w:Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|Elvish]] in all its detailI, alas, am only a hardworking SF and fantasy novel,{{Sic|novelist}} and I don't have his gift for languages. That is to say, I have not actually created a [[High Valyrian|Valyrian]] language. The best I could do was try to sketch in each of the chief tongues of [[known world|my imaginary world]] in broad strokes, and give them each their characteristic sounds and spellings.<ref name=SSM/>}}
 
 
=== Phonotactics ===
 
==== Geminates ====
 
Following certain prefixes, initial consonants become geminates. Furthermore, initial consonant clusters become reduced in the romanization, such that '''a-th-th''' becomes '''atth''', and not '''athth'''.  We have examples for '''n''', '''d''', '''s''', '''th''', '''r''', '''j'''. We also have mid-word geminates for '''k''', '''g''', '''v''', '''q''' and '''r'''. 
 
 
 
==== Vowel clusters ====
 
Dothraki appears to allow unlimited sequences of vowels in a word. Each such vowel represents a separate syllable.  Examples: ''shierak'' star, and ''rhaesh'' country.  Furthermore, Dothraki allows for two of the same vowel to occur near each other, as in ''khaleesi''.  
 
   
 
===Grammar===
 
====Word Order====
 
In a basic sentence, the order of these elements (when all three are present) is as in English: First comes the Subject (S), then comes the Verb (V), then comes the Object (O). Here's an example: 
 
:'''Khal ahhas arakh.'''
 
:''The Khal (S) sharpened (V) the arakh (O).'' 
 
When only a subject is a present, the subject precedes the verb, as it does in English: 
 
:'''Arakh hasa.'''
 
:''The arakh (S) is sharp (V).''  In more complicated phrases, there is a specific order as well. The order is (maximally) as follows: demonstrative, noun, adverb, adjective, genitive noun, prepositional phrase. Prepositions always precede their noun complements. 
 
:'''jin ave sekke verven anni m'orvikoon'''
 
:this father very violent of.mine with.a.whip
 
:''this very violent father of mine with a whip''  Adverbs normally are sentence final, but they can also immediately follow the verb. Modal particles precede the verb.<ref name="dothraki101">{{cite web |url=http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/production-diary/2010/12/15/dothraki-101.html |title=Dothraki 101 post on HBO's Making Game of Throne's blog |date=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
 
  
====Case====
+
The Dothraki language used in the HBO television adaptation ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' was constructed by [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], a member of the [[w:Language Creation Society|Language Creation Society]]. This language takes cues from the known Dothraki words used in the published material and expands greatly upon it. The show's Dothraki language is also inspired by several real-life languages such as [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Turkish language|Turkish]], [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]], [[w:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]] and [[w:Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref name=hbo>[http://dothraki.conlang.org/official-hbo-press-release/ Official HBO Press Release (April 12, 2010)]</ref>
It is known to have at least four noun cases - nominative, accusative, genitive, and ablative.<ref name="hbo"/><ref name=SciAm>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=dothraki-response-2010-06-02 |title=The Dothraki response to a call for science in a created language |date=June 3, 2010}}</ref> It also may have the allative case, and probably lacks the dative. <ref name="wes.ru">{{cite web |url=http://westeros.ru/?p=3779 |title=Westeros.ru |date=June 24, 2010}}</ref>
 
  
===Lexicon===
+
The Dothraki language was developed under two restrictions. The language needed to match the terms used in the books, and it needed to be easy to pronounce or learn by the actors. These two constraints were an influence on the grammar and phonology of the Dothraki language developed for HBO.
Peterson had created around two thousand words for Dothraki at the point of the shooting of the second episode. The publicly available lexicon, including the odd inflectional form, has been [http://docs.dothraki.org/Dothraki.pdf posted online].  A few sample words are:<ref name=PRA>{{cite web |url=http://dothraki.conlang.org/press-release-audio/ |title= Press Release Audio |date=April 13, 2010}}</ref>
 
  
==References and Notes==
+
As of September 2011, the language comprised 3,163 words, though not all of these words were publicly known.<ref>[http://www.dothraki.com/2011/09/the-header-script/ The Header Script (September 21, 2011)]</ref> According to Peterson, Martin has asked him for help in translating some passages for the upcoming ''[[The Winds of Winter]]''.<ref>''Vulture'': [https://www.vulture.com/2013/04/game-of-thrones-dothraki-language-inventor.html Learn to Speak Dothraki and Valyrian From the Man Who Invented Them for ''Game of Thrones''], April 23, 2013</ref>
{{References|2}}
 
{{EnWP|Dothraki language|small=yes}}
 
  
==External links==  
+
==See also==
 +
See also the following external links
 
* [http://dothraki.conlang.org The LCS blog about the language]  
 
* [http://dothraki.conlang.org The LCS blog about the language]  
 
* [http://wiki.dothraki.org The Dothraki Language Wiki]
 
* [http://wiki.dothraki.org The Dothraki Language Wiki]
 +
* [http://docs.dothraki.org/Dothraki.pdf Publicly available lexicon]
 +
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothraki_language English Wikipedia page on the Dothraki language]
 +
 +
==References==
 +
{{References}}
  
 
{{Languages}}
 
{{Languages}}
  
[[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]][[Category:Languages]]
 
 
[[Category:Dothraki culture|Language]]
 
[[Category:Dothraki culture|Language]]
[[ru:Дотракийский_язык]]
+
[[Category:Languages]]
 +
[[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]]
 +
 
 
[[fr:Dothraki (langue)]]
 
[[fr:Dothraki (langue)]]
 +
[[nl:Dothraki (taal)]]
 +
[[pt:Língua Dothraki]]
 +
[[ru:Дотракийский язык]]

Latest revision as of 13:56, 23 January 2024

The Dothraki language is the language spoken by the Dothraki, the indigenous nomadic horse people who roam the Dothraki sea in central Essos. It is known to be a rough, harsh language.[1][2][3]

Language

Only a few terms and translations are known from the Dothraki tongue, as George R.R. Martin has not developed an actual language.[4]

A khal is the leader of a khalasar, a nomadic horde of Dothraki. A khal's wife is called a khaleesi, and his heir is known as a khalakka.[5] When a khal dies, his khaleesi joins the dosh khaleen in the only true city the Dothraki have, Vaes Dothrak.[5]

A ko acts as a captain or lieutenant for a khal. If a khal dies without a strong successor, kos might fight amongst themselves and form their own khalasars.[6][7]

According to a semi-canon source,[8] a khas consists of the personal guard of important individuals, such as a khaleesi[9] or a ko.[3] Bloodriders are the most trusted companions and guards of a khal.[5]

Dothraki use the terms "it is known" frequently.[3][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Bloodriders are referred to as "blood of my blood".[2][5] Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo refer to each other as "my sun-and-stars" and "moon of my life".[3][5][17][18][6][7][19] It is unknown whether these expressions are commonly used amongst the Dothraki.

Known translations

Several names of cities, lands and others are described in the published material:

Dothraki Translation Notes
Adakhakileki[20] The Cannibals A ruined city with unknown origins
Haesh Rakhi[3] Lamb Men The Dothraki name for the Lhazareen
Jaqqa rhan[3] Described as the mercy men. Exact translations currently unknown.
Khalakka dothrae[18] The prince is riding
Khalakka dothrae mr'anha[18] A prince rides inside me
Krazaaj Has[21] Sharp Mountains A Ghiscari city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the pyramids that once stood in the city
Krazaaj Zasqa[22][23][24] White Mountains The Dothraki name for the northern portion of the great mountain chain that divides Essos, more commonly known as the Bones
Khal Rhae Mhar[5] The Sorefoot King
Khal Rhaggat[5] The Cart King
Rakh[18] A boy
Rakh haj[18] A strong boy
Rhaesh Andahli[1][25] The land of the Andals The Dothraki name for Westeros
Shierak qiya[10] Bleeding star
Vaes Aresak[26][27] City of Cowards An Ibbenese town, currently abandoned, originally called Ibbish
Vaes Athjikhari[28] City of Sickness A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Sallosh, which had also been known as the City of Scholars
Vaes Diaf[29] City of the Skull A Ghiscari city, currently in ruins, originally called Hazdahn Mo
Vaes Efe[30] City of Shackles A small Ghiscari town, currently in ruins
Vaes Graddakh[31] City of Filth A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Sarys
Vaes Jini[32] City of Goats Originally a city called Yinishar, currently in ruins
Vaes Gorqoyi[33] City of the Blood Charge Originally a city called Mardosh, which had also been known as the City of Soldiers
Vaes Khadokh[33][34] City of Corpses Originally a Valyrian colony called Essaria, currently in ruins
Vaes Khewo[35] City of Worms A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Sarnath
Vaes Leisi[36] City of Ghosts A formed settlement of the “wood walkers” from the Kingdom of the Ifequevron, currently in ruins
Vaes Leqse[37] City of Rats A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Gornath
Vaes Mejhah[38] City of Whores A small Ghiscari town, currently in ruins
Vaes Orvik[39] City of the Whip A small Qartheen city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the great number of slaves taken when the city was destroyed.
Vaes Qosar[40] City of Spiders A Qartheen city, currently in ruins, originally called Qolahn
Vaes Shirosi[41] City of Scorpions A small Qartheen city, currently in ruins
Vaes Tolorro[42] City of Bones An abandoned city of unknown origin
Vojjor Samvi[43] The Broken Gods A Sarnori city originally called Kasath, which had also been known as the City of Caravans, currently in ruins
Yalli Qamayi[44] Wailing Children A Sarnori city originally called Sathar, which had also been known as the Waterfall City, currently in ruins

Game of Thrones

According to George R. R. Martin,

Tolkien was a philologist, and an Oxford don, and could spend decades laboriously inventing Elvish in all its detail. I, alas, am only a hardworking SF and fantasy novel,[sic] and I don't have his gift for languages. That is to say, I have not actually created a Valyrian language. The best I could do was try to sketch in each of the chief tongues of my imaginary world in broad strokes, and give them each their characteristic sounds and spellings.[4]

The Dothraki language used in the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones was constructed by David J. Peterson, a member of the Language Creation Society. This language takes cues from the known Dothraki words used in the published material and expands greatly upon it. The show's Dothraki language is also inspired by several real-life languages such as Russian, Turkish, Estonian, Inuktitut and Swahili.[45]

The Dothraki language was developed under two restrictions. The language needed to match the terms used in the books, and it needed to be easy to pronounce or learn by the actors. These two constraints were an influence on the grammar and phonology of the Dothraki language developed for HBO.

As of September 2011, the language comprised 3,163 words, though not all of these words were publicly known.[46] According to Peterson, Martin has asked him for help in translating some passages for the upcoming The Winds of Winter.[47]

See also

See also the following external links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 3, Daenerys I.
  2. 2.0 2.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 11, Daenerys II.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 61, Daenerys VII.
  4. 4.0 4.1 So Spake Martin: Yet More Questions (July 22, 2001)
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 36, Daenerys IV.
  6. 6.0 6.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 64, Daenerys VIII.
  7. 7.0 7.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 68, Daenerys IX.
  8. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Aggo.
  9. 9.0 9.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 23, Daenerys III.
  10. 10.0 10.1 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 12, Daenerys I.
  11. A Clash of Kings, Chapter 40, Daenerys III.
  12. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 57, Daenerys V.
  13. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 2, Daenerys I.
  14. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 16, Daenerys III.
  15. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 36, Daenerys VI.
  16. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 52, Daenerys IX.
  17. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 54, Daenerys VI.
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 46, Daenerys V.
  19. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 72, Daenerys X.
  20. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Adakhakileki.
  21. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Krazaaj Has.
  22. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Krazaaj Zasqa.
  23. The World of Ice & Fire, The Bones and Beyond.
  24. The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: East of Ib.
  25. The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Arrival of the Andals.
  26. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Aresak (Ibbish).
  27. The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: Ib.
  28. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Athjikhari (Sallosh).
  29. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Diaf (Hazdahn Mo).
  30. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Efe.
  31. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Graddakh (Sarys).
  32. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Jini (Yinishar).
  33. 33.0 33.1 The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands.
  34. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Khadokh (Essaria).
  35. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Khewo (Sarnath).
  36. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Leisi.
  37. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Leqse (Gornath).
  38. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Mejhah.
  39. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Orvik.
  40. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Qosar (Qolahn).
  41. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Shirosi.
  42. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Tolorro.
  43. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vojjor Samvi (Kasath).
  44. George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Yalli Qamayi (Sathar).
  45. Official HBO Press Release (April 12, 2010)
  46. The Header Script (September 21, 2011)
  47. Vulture: Learn to Speak Dothraki and Valyrian From the Man Who Invented Them for Game of Thrones, April 23, 2013