Difference between revisions of "Heraldry"

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[[File:ArmyofScorpionsIIITomasz Jedruszek.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A knight easily identifiable by his heraldry as belonging to [[House Qorgyle]] - by Tomasz Jedruszek. © FFG]]
 
[[File:ArmyofScorpionsIIITomasz Jedruszek.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A knight easily identifiable by his heraldry as belonging to [[House Qorgyle]] - by Tomasz Jedruszek. © FFG]]
 
[[File:Calling the BannersDiego Gisbert LlorensII.png|300px|thumb|right|Calling the Banners. © FFG]]
 
[[File:Calling the BannersDiego Gisbert LlorensII.png|300px|thumb|right|Calling the Banners. © FFG]]
'''Heraldry''' is the art and science of [[w:blazon|blazon]]ing coats of arms. It is an important part of the [[Seven Kingdoms]] [[Feudalism|feudal]] structure. Heraldry are used by the royalty and nobility as sign of status, most of the noble houses have their own designs, and variants of these designs are adopted only by members of the house.  Coats of arms are commonly used by [[knight]]s in [[Tourneys in Westeros|tourneys]] and on the battlefields as a way to identify allied from enemy soldiers in the heat of battle.
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[[File:RMTrue Queens Bannerman.png|300px|thumb|right|A [[Dothraki]] flying Queen [[Daenerys Targaryen]]'s banner - by Régis Moulun. © FFG]]
 +
'''Heraldry''' is the art and science of [[w:blazon|blazon]]ing coats of arms. It is an important part of the [[Seven Kingdoms]] [[Feudalism|feudal]] structure. Heraldry are used by the royalty and nobility as sign of status, most of the noble houses have their own designs, and variants of these designs are adopted only by members of the house.  Coats of arms are commonly used by [[knight]]s in [[Tourneys in Westeros|tourneys]] and on the battlefields as a way to identify allied from enemy soldiers in the heat of battle; conversely, [[mystery knight]]s that want anonymity use blank or nonexistent coats of arms.
  
 
==Heraldry in Westeros and in the real world==
 
==Heraldry in Westeros and in the real world==
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The arms of a house belong to that family as in [[w:Law of heraldic arms#Germany|Germany, and Italy]] and may be used only by trueborn descendants of that house.{{ref|THK}}{{ref|agot|7}} Bastards use the arms of their father's house with the tinctures reversed, cf. [[House Blackfyre]].  
 
The arms of a house belong to that family as in [[w:Law of heraldic arms#Germany|Germany, and Italy]] and may be used only by trueborn descendants of that house.{{ref|THK}}{{ref|agot|7}} Bastards use the arms of their father's house with the tinctures reversed, cf. [[House Blackfyre]].  
  
<gallery widths=75px>
+
<gallery>
File:Minigdn.png|Escutcheon Shape COA.
+
File:House Targaryen.svg|Escutcheon-shaped coat of arms ([[House Targaryen]])
File:MartellCoA.png|Round shape COA of [[House Martell]] of Dorne.
+
File:House Martell.svg|Dornish circular coat of arms ([[House Martell]])
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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Also, it is worth noting that real world heraldic rules and terminology seem to have little formal use in Westeros and may in fact be non-existent,<ref>http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/Heraldry_in_Westeros/</ref> including the well-known [[w:Rule of Tincture|Rule of tincture]] which dictates that metals (''argent'' and ''or'', i.e. white and gold) should not be placed over other metals, and colours (''vert'', ''gules'', ''azure'', ''sable'' and ''purpure'', i.e. green, red, blue, black and purple) should not be placed over other colours. Examples of this rule being broken include:
 
Also, it is worth noting that real world heraldic rules and terminology seem to have little formal use in Westeros and may in fact be non-existent,<ref>http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/Heraldry_in_Westeros/</ref> including the well-known [[w:Rule of Tincture|Rule of tincture]] which dictates that metals (''argent'' and ''or'', i.e. white and gold) should not be placed over other metals, and colours (''vert'', ''gules'', ''azure'', ''sable'' and ''purpure'', i.e. green, red, blue, black and purple) should not be placed over other colours. Examples of this rule being broken include:
  
<gallery widths=75px>
+
<gallery>
File:House Waynwood.PNG|[[House Waynwood]] black on green.
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File:House Waynwood.PNG|Black on green ([[House Waynwood]])
File:Kettleblack.png|[[House Kettleblack]] black on red
+
File:Kettleblack.png|Black on red ([[House Kettleblack]])
File:House Chyttering.PNG|[[House Chyttering]] gold on white
+
File:House Chyttering.svg|Gold on white ([[House Chyttering]])
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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The tincture known as "furs" however are used in [[Westeros]] heraldry; for example:
 
The tincture known as "furs" however are used in [[Westeros]] heraldry; for example:
  
<gallery widths=75px>
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<gallery>
File:House Rosby.PNG|"ermine" of [[House Rosby]]
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File:House Rosby.svg|Ermine ([[House Rosby]])
File:House Harte.PNG|"vair" of [[House Harte]].
+
File:House Harte.PNG|Vair ([[House Harte]])
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
In traditional heraldry no distinction is made between white, silver and light grey, which are all named "argent".  Likewise, both gold and yellow are considered "Or".  That is not so in Westeros: white, (light) grey and silver are treated as distinct tinctures and can be used together on a coat of arms. Examples are:  
 
In traditional heraldry no distinction is made between white, silver and light grey, which are all named "argent".  Likewise, both gold and yellow are considered "Or".  That is not so in Westeros: white, (light) grey and silver are treated as distinct tinctures and can be used together on a coat of arms. Examples are:  
  
<gallery widths=75px>
+
<gallery>
File:House Stark.PNG| A [[direwolf]] grey on white [[House Stark]]  
+
File:House Stark.svg|A [[direwolf]] grey on white ([[House Stark]])
File:House Slate.PNG|[[House Slate]] Pale grey, a double tressure white
+
File:House Slate.svg|Pale grey, a double tressure white ([[House Slate]])
File:House Pyle.PNG|A grey iron greathelm on white [[House Pyle]]
+
File:House Pyle.PNG|A grey iron greathelm on white ([[House Pyle]])
File:Footly.png|A field of silver caltrops [[House Footly]]  
+
File:Footly.png|A field of silver caltrops on black ([[House Footly]])
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
Many of the available blazons of Westerosi coats of arms are notable in their lack of detail; for instance the blazon for the coat of arms of [[House Blanetree]] (''"maple leaves, green and brown, strewn on a field of yellow"'') fails to tell us how many maple leafs the shield should have, and gives only the vaguest indication of how they should be placed and in some cases the blazons manifest in quite poor designs rendering them of little use for recognition on the battlefield, for example: [[House Hayford]] and [[House Lynderly]].
 
Many of the available blazons of Westerosi coats of arms are notable in their lack of detail; for instance the blazon for the coat of arms of [[House Blanetree]] (''"maple leaves, green and brown, strewn on a field of yellow"'') fails to tell us how many maple leafs the shield should have, and gives only the vaguest indication of how they should be placed and in some cases the blazons manifest in quite poor designs rendering them of little use for recognition on the battlefield, for example: [[House Hayford]] and [[House Lynderly]].
  
<gallery widths=75px>
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<gallery>
File:House_Blanetree.png|[[House Blanetree]]
+
File:House_Blanetree.svg|[[House Blanetree]]
File:Hayford.PNG| fields 'bleed' into each other (eg. [[House Hayford]]
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File:House Hayford.svg| fields 'bleed' into each other ([[House Hayford]])
 
File:Lynderly.png| complex and low-contrast ([[House Lynderly]])
 
File:Lynderly.png| complex and low-contrast ([[House Lynderly]])
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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This limited palette is not the case in the Seven Kingdoms, where heraldic descriptions include ambiguous colours such as:
 
This limited palette is not the case in the Seven Kingdoms, where heraldic descriptions include ambiguous colours such as:
  
<gallery widths=75px>
+
<gallery>
File:Dunk.png|'sunset' (eg. [[Dunk]])
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File:Dunk.png|'sunset' (eg. [[Duncan the Tall]])
File:House Sparr.PNG| 'oak' ([[House Sparr]])
+
File:House Sparr.svg| 'oak' ([[House Sparr]])
 
File:House Volmark.png|very variable tones such as 'grey' ([[House Volmark]])
 
File:House Volmark.png|very variable tones such as 'grey' ([[House Volmark]])
 
File:House Reed.PNG|'grey-green' ([[House Reed]])
 
File:House Reed.PNG|'grey-green' ([[House Reed]])
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The use of seven-pointed stars to represent the [[Faith of the Seven]]. Seven-pointed stars are rare in traditional heraldry and vexillology, with a notable exception being the flag of Australia. Examples include:
 
The use of seven-pointed stars to represent the [[Faith of the Seven]]. Seven-pointed stars are rare in traditional heraldry and vexillology, with a notable exception being the flag of Australia. Examples include:
  
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
+
 
| [[File:Sunglass.png|75px]]  
+
<gallery>
| [[House Sunglass]]
+
File:House Sunglass.svg|[[House Sunglass]]
|-
+
File:House Tarbeck.svg|[[House Tarbeck]]
| [[File:House Templeton.png|75px]].
+
File:House Templeton.svg|[[House Templeton]]
| [[House Templeton]]
+
</gallery>
|}
 
  
 
The use of very detailed pictures, particularly humanoid figures, such as:
 
The use of very detailed pictures, particularly humanoid figures, such as:
  
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
+
<gallery>
| [[file:Bolton.png|75px]]
+
File:Bolton.png|The flayed man of [[House Bolton]]
| The flayed man of [[House Bolton]]  
+
File:House_Sunderly.png|The drowned man of [[House Sunderly]]  
|-
+
File:House Piper.png|The silk-swirled dancing maiden of [[House Piper]]
| [[File:House_Sunderly.png|75px]]‎
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File:Falwell.pngThe fool of [[House Falwell]]
| The drowned man of [[House Sunderly]]  
+
</gallery>
|-
 
| [[File:House Piper.png|75px]]
 
| The silk-swirled dancing maiden of [[House Piper]]  
 
|}
 
  
 
In reality, these figures would be difficult to render on shields and flags with any accuracy or consistency.
 
In reality, these figures would be difficult to render on shields and flags with any accuracy or consistency.
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The use of detailed creatures and figures on the shield that would normally only appear as supporters in traditional coats of arms, such as:
 
The use of detailed creatures and figures on the shield that would normally only appear as supporters in traditional coats of arms, such as:
  
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
+
<gallery>
| [[File:House_Manderly.PNG|75px]]
+
File:House_Manderly.PNG|The merman of [[House Manderly]]
| The merman of [[House Manderly]]
+
File:umbercrest.png|The giant in chains of [[House Umber]]
|-
+
</gallery>
| [[file:umbercrest.png|75px]]
 
| The giant in chains of [[House Umber]].
 
|}
 
  
 
The use of Westeros-specific fauna and flora, such as:
 
The use of Westeros-specific fauna and flora, such as:
  
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
+
<gallery>
| [[File:House Reed.PNG|75px]]
+
File:House Reed.PNG|The lizard-lion of [[House Reed]]  
| The lizard-lion of [[House Reed]]  
+
File:House_Blackwood.png|The weirwood tree of [[House Blackwood]]
|-
+
</gallery>
| [[File:House_Blackwood.png|75px]]
+
 
| The weirwood tree of [[House Blackwood]].  
+
==== Ordinaries ====
|}
+
[[Image:Ordinaries.png|upright|thumb|right|Ordinaries.]]
 +
Some charges with simple geometric shapes are so common that they are often classified separately as ''ordinaries''. These include:
 +
; fess: a horizontal band (e.g. [[House Blackbar]])
 +
; pale: a vertical band, meaning an upright stake, whence "palisade" (e.g. [[House Hayford]])
 +
; bend: diagonal band, from dexter chief to sinister base (e.g. [[House Hasty]]). "Sinister" and "dexter" mean left and right respectively, but they are from the point of view of someone holding the shield, so they are reversed from an observer's viewpoint. The '''bend sinister''' goes the other way, from sinister chief to dexter base (e.g. [[House Blount]]).
 +
; chief: a broad band across the top of the shield (e.g. [[House Bywater]]); "chief" also describes a location near or towards the top of the shield
 +
; cross: meaning always an upright cross (e.g. [[House Gower]]); a very common ordinary in European heraldry (with an obvious religious meaning), but seems to be less common in the Seven Kingdoms.
 +
; saltire: a diagonal cross (e.g. [[House Estren]])
 +
; pile: a roughly equilateral triangle with the top edge of the shield as its base (e.g. [[House Burley]])
 +
; pall: a Y shape (e.g. [[House Coldwater]]), often as not inverted (e.g. [[House Flint of Flint's Finger]])
 +
; bordure: a border parallel with the edge of the shield; called simply '''border''' in the books (e.g. [[House Merryweather]])
 +
; orle: a shield-shaped ring - similar to a bordure but does not reach the edge of the shield, leaving a small gap of the main field tincture. The '''tressure''' is similar but thinner (e.g. [[House Mooton]]); a '''double tressure''' (e.g. [[House Greenfield]]) consists of two tressures, one inside the other.
 +
; chevron: a horizontal band with a kink in the middle, so that it slopes downwards towards both edges of the shield
 +
; canton: a square in dexter chief (e.g. [[House Bolling]])
  
 
===Variations of the field===
 
===Variations of the field===
[[Image:Divisions of the field.png|right|upright|thumb|Divisions of the field.]]
+
[[Image:Divisions of the field.png|left|upright|thumb|Divisions of the field.]]
[[Image:Ordinaries.png|upright|thumb|left|Ordinaries.]]
+
The field of a shield, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colors, or ''variation''. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called ''barry'', while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called ''paly''. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called ''bendy'' or ''bendy sinister'', depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include ''chevrony'', ''gyronny'' and ''chequy''. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of ''barry-bendy'', ''paly-bendy'', ''lozengy'' and ''fusilly''. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field.<ref>Arthur Charles Fox-Davies. ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'' isbn 1417906308 (Kessinger Publishing,year 2004) page 101</ref><ref>[[w:Heraldry#Variations of the field|Heraldry Variations of the field]]</ref>
The field of a shield, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colors, or ''variation''. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called ''barry'', while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called ''paly''. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called ''bendy'' or ''bendy sinister'', depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include ''chevrony'', ''gyronny'' and ''chequy''. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of ''barry-bendy'', ''paly-bendy'', ''lozengy'' and ''fusilly''. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field.<ref>Arthur Charles Fox-Davies. ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'' isbn 1417906308 (Kessinger Publishing,year 2004) page 101</ref> <ref>[[w:Heraldry#Variations of the field|Heraldry Variations of the field]]</ref>
+
{{clear|both}}
 +
 
 +
=== Examples ===
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
 
|[[File:Mollen.png|75px|'' a pine tree covered with snow in a pale green pile, on white'']]
 
|[[File:Mollen.png|75px|'' a pine tree covered with snow in a pale green pile, on white'']]
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| Some pieces like the pall or chevron may be oriented in different ways, thus, the image of the [[House Jast]] has a pall inverted "'' inverted pall between three lion's heads, yellow on black'' "
 
| Some pieces like the pall or chevron may be oriented in different ways, thus, the image of the [[House Jast]] has a pall inverted "'' inverted pall between three lion's heads, yellow on black'' "
 
|-
 
|-
|[[File:House Goodbrook.PNG|75px|'' A blue wavy bend on gold'']]
+
|[[File:House Goodbrook.svg|75px|'' A blue wavy bend on gold'']]
| All the ordinals can also undergo various changes in size or edge, for example the'' bend'' that loads the image of the [[House Goodbrook]] is called "''wavy''" ''A blue wavy bend on gold'' '
+
| All the ordinaries can also undergo various changes in size or edge, for example the'' bend'' that loads the image of the [[House Goodbrook]] is called "''wavy''" ''A blue wavy bend on gold'' '
 
|-
 
|-
|[[File:House Bolling.PNG|75px|'' vairy orange and blue; upon a black canton, a golden stag beneath an orange bend sinister'']]
+
|[[File:House Bolling.svg|75px|'' vairy orange and blue; upon a black canton, a golden stag beneath an orange bend sinister'']]
| Finally, a ordinal can load another ordinal, so the image of the [[House Bolling]] has a canton  charged with a bend: "'' vairy orange and blue; upon a black canton, a golden stag beneath an orange bend sinister'' '
+
| Finally, an ordinary can load another ordinary, so the image of the [[House Bolling]] has a canton  charged with a bend: "''vairy orange and blue; upon a black canton, a golden stag beneath an orange bend sinister''".
 
|}
 
|}
  
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The field of a shield in heraldry can be divided into more than one tincture, as can the various heraldic charges. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These divisions are considered to lie next to each other rather than on top of each other and thus the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, nebuly, or made into myriad other forms.<ref>Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. ''Basic Heraldry''. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.</ref><ref>[[w:Heraldry#Divisions of the field|Heraldry Divisions of the field]]</ref>
 
The field of a shield in heraldry can be divided into more than one tincture, as can the various heraldic charges. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These divisions are considered to lie next to each other rather than on top of each other and thus the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, nebuly, or made into myriad other forms.<ref>Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. ''Basic Heraldry''. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.</ref><ref>[[w:Heraldry#Divisions of the field|Heraldry Divisions of the field]]</ref>
 +
 +
In general, if the field is divided and every segment has to be blazoned (e.g. each has a different charge on it), they are blazoned in the following order: dexter to sinister, then chief to base. In the case of "party per cross" or "quarterly", the four segments are typically numbered in this order.
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
|[[Image:House Stark.PNG|75px|''A direwolf gray on pristine white snowfield'']]
+
|[[Image:House Stark.svg|75px|''A direwolf gray on pristine white snowfield'']]
 
| Thus, the image of the [[House Stark]] is a shield plain, a term that generally can not be transcribed: " A direwolf gray on pristine white snowfield "
 
| Thus, the image of the [[House Stark]] is a shield plain, a term that generally can not be transcribed: " A direwolf gray on pristine white snowfield "
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Image:House Tarth.PNG|75px|''Quarterly, first and fourth in a field of yellow sun rose in the second and third a crescent white on a blue field'']]
+
|[[Image:House Tarth.svg|75px|''Quarterly, first and fourth in a field of yellow sun rose in the second and third a crescent white on a blue field'']]
| The crest of the [[House Tarth]] he is a shield "party per cross"; ''Quarterly, first and fourth a yellow sun on a rose field in the second and third a white crescent on a blue field''
+
| The crest of the [[House Tarth]] he is a shield "party per cross", usually blazoned "quarterly": ''Quarterly, first and fourth a yellow sun on a rose field in the second and third a white crescent on a blue field''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Image:House Swann.PNG|75px|''Two swans fighters, black and white from one to the other, beaked and hung with gold and white field advantage black'']]
 
|[[Image:House Swann.PNG|75px|''Two swans fighters, black and white from one to the other, beaked and hung with gold and white field advantage black'']]
Line 148: Line 158:
  
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
| [[File:House Baratheon.PNG|75px|''house Baratheon'']]
+
| [[File:House Baratheon.svg|75px|''house Baratheon'']]
| [[File:House Lannister.png|75px|''House Lannister'']]
+
| [[File:House Lannister.svg|75px|''House Lannister'']]
| [[File:Joffrey_sigil_coat.png|75px| personnel de Joffrey Baratheon]]
+
| [[File:Joffrey sigil coat.png|75px|personnel de Joffrey Baratheon]]
 
|The arms of [[Joffrey Baratheon]] consists  Per pale the Arms of his paternal and maternal families{{ref|agot|7}}.
 
|The arms of [[Joffrey Baratheon]] consists  Per pale the Arms of his paternal and maternal families{{ref|agot|7}}.
 
|}
 
|}
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{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
| [[File:House Frey.png|75px|''Maison Frey'']]
 
| [[File:House Frey.png|75px|''Maison Frey'']]
| [[File:House Lannister.png|75px|''House Lannister'']]
+
| [[File:House Lannister.svg|75px|''House Lannister'']]
| [[Image:MiniCleos.png|75px| personnel Arms of Ser Cleos Frey]]
+
| [[Image:MiniCleos.png|75px|personnel Arms of Ser Cleos Frey]]
 
|The arms of service Cleos Frey quartered arms of Frey with arms of Lannister.
 
|The arms of service Cleos Frey quartered arms of Frey with arms of Lannister.
 
|}
 
|}
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{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
|[[File:Big Walder Frey coa.png|75px|personnel of Big Walder Frey]]
 
|[[File:Big Walder Frey coa.png|75px|personnel of Big Walder Frey]]
|The personal coat of arms of [[Walder Frey (Big)|Big Walder Frey]] is made with the arms of [[House Paege]] (by his mother) and [[House Blackwood]] (by his grandmother). This helps distinguish it from many other [[Walder Frey]]s.{{ref|acok|17}}
+
|The personal coat of arms of [[Walder Frey (son of Jammos)|Big Walder Frey]] is made with the arms of [[House Paege]] (by his mother) and [[House Blackwood]] (by his grandmother). This helps distinguish it from many other [[Walder Frey]]s.{{ref|acok|17}}
 
|}
 
|}
 
 
 
  
 
The third common mode of marshalling is with an inescutcheon, a small shield placed in front of the main shield.  In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (that is, she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers).  In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.<ref>[[w:Heraldry#Marshalling|Heraldry Marshalling]]</ref>
 
The third common mode of marshalling is with an inescutcheon, a small shield placed in front of the main shield.  In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (that is, she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers).  In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.<ref>[[w:Heraldry#Marshalling|Heraldry Marshalling]]</ref>
 
{|cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{|cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
|-
 
|-
|[[File:House_Blackwood.png|75px|arms of House Blackwood]]|| arms of [[House Blackwood]] : ''A flock of ravens on scarlet surrouning a dead weirwood upon a black escutcheon''.
+
|[[File:House Blackwood.png|75px|arms of House Blackwood]]|| arms of [[House Blackwood]] : ''A flock of ravens on scarlet surrouning a dead weirwood upon a black escutcheon''.
 
|}
 
|}
  
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{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
| [[File:Valarr_crest.png|75px|'' personnel arms of Valarr Targaryen'']]
+
| [[File:House Targaryen (Valarr).svg|75px|'' personnel arms of Valarr Targaryen'']]
 
|The coat of arms of Prince [[Valarr Targaryen]] consists of coat of arms [[House Targaryen]] with a red border.{{ref|THK}}
 
|The coat of arms of Prince [[Valarr Targaryen]] consists of coat of arms [[House Targaryen]] with a red border.{{ref|THK}}
|}
+
|-
 
+
| [[File:House Targaryen (Maekar).svg|75px|'' personnelarms of Maekar Targaryen'']]
 
+
|The coat of arms of Prince [[Maekar I Targaryen|Maekar]] has four three-headed [[dragons]]  on a black field  instead of one for the image of the [[House Targaryen]] because it is the fourth son of king [[Daeron II Targaryen|Daeron II]].{{ref|THK}}
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
+
|-
| [[File:Maekar crest.png|75px|'' personnelarms of Maekar Targaryen'']]
 
|The coat of arms of Prince [[Maekar I Targaryen | Maekar]] has four three-headed [[dragons]]  on a black field  instead of one for the image of the [[House Targaryen]] because it is the fourth son of king [[Daeron II Targaryen | Daeron II]].{{ref|THK}}
 
|}
 
 
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
 
| [[File:Loras Tyrell COA.png|75px|'' personnel arms of Ser Loras Tyrell'']]
 
| [[File:Loras Tyrell COA.png|75px|'' personnel arms of Ser Loras Tyrell'']]
 
|.The arms of Ser [[Loras Tyrell]] has three gold roses on a green field instead of one for the image of the house Tyrell because he was the third son of Lord [[Mace Tyrell]] {{ref|acok|22}}. Similarly, his older brother, Ser [[Garlan Tyrell]], features two golden roses on his own personal coat of arms as the second son of the family.{{ref|asos|6}}  
 
|.The arms of Ser [[Loras Tyrell]] has three gold roses on a green field instead of one for the image of the house Tyrell because he was the third son of Lord [[Mace Tyrell]] {{ref|acok|22}}. Similarly, his older brother, Ser [[Garlan Tyrell]], features two golden roses on his own personal coat of arms as the second son of the family.{{ref|asos|6}}  
Line 202: Line 204:
  
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
| [[File:House Targaryen crest.PNG|75px|''House Targaryen'']]
+
| [[File:House Targaryen.svg|75px|''House Targaryen'']]
| [[File:House_Blackfyre_crest.png|75px|''House Blackfyre'']]
+
| [[File:House Blackfyre.svg|75px|''House Blackfyre'']]
 
|Arms of [[House Blackfyre]], founded by a bastard of the [[House Targaryen]], has the colors reversed.{{ref|TSS}}
 
|Arms of [[House Blackfyre]], founded by a bastard of the [[House Targaryen]], has the colors reversed.{{ref|TSS}}
 
|}
 
|}
Line 210: Line 212:
 
| [[File:House Frey.png|75px|''House Frey'']]
 
| [[File:House Frey.png|75px|''House Frey'']]
 
| [[File:MiniWalder Rivers.png|75px|'' personnel arms of Walder Rivers'']]
 
| [[File:MiniWalder Rivers.png|75px|'' personnel arms of Walder Rivers'']]
|The coat of arms of [[Walder Rivers]], bastard son of Lord [[Walder Frey]], has the colors reversed and a red bar sinister.{{ref|affc|39}}
+
|The coat of arms of [[Walder Rivers]], bastard son of Lord [[Walder Frey]], has the colors reversed and a red bend sinister.{{ref|affc|38}}
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
 
{| cellspacing="5" border="0" style="text-align:left;"
| [[File:House_Blackfyre_crest.png|75px|''House Blackfyre'']]
+
| [[File:House Blackfyre.svg|75px|''House Blackfyre'']]
| [[File:Bracken sigil coat.png|75px|''House Bracken'']]
+
| [[File:House Bracken.svg|75px|''House Bracken'']]
| [[File:COA Aegor Rivers.png|75px|'' personnel arms of Aegor Rivers'']]
+
| [[File:Bittersteel.svg|75px|''personal arms of Aegor Rivers'']]
|The coat of arms of [[Aegor Rivers]] "Bittersteel", a bastard son of [[Aegon IV]]. He has combined the sigills of House Bracken (his mothers house) and House Blackfyre.
+
|The coat of arms of [[Aegor Rivers]] "Bittersteel", a bastard son of [[Aegon IV Targaryen]]. He has combined the sigills of House Bracken (his mothers house) and House Blackfyre.
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 223: Line 225:
 
Martin makes use of canting arms to represent some of the houses in his books. Canting arms are a type of heraldic pun, whereby the blazon of the shield makes a direct reference to the name of the family. Examples include:
 
Martin makes use of canting arms to represent some of the houses in his books. Canting arms are a type of heraldic pun, whereby the blazon of the shield makes a direct reference to the name of the family. Examples include:
  
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
+
<gallery>
| [[file:Waxley large.png|75px]]
+
File:House Waxley.svg|The candles of [[House Waxley]]
| The candles of [[House Waxley]]
+
File:Haigh.png|The pitchfork of [[House Haigh]] (hay)
|-
+
File:Belmore.PNG|The bells of [[House Belmore]]
| [[File:Haigh.png|75px]]
+
File:House Blackbar.svg|The black bar of [[House Blackbar]].
| The pitchfork of [[House Haigh]] (hay)
+
</gallery>
|-
 
| [[File:Belmore.PNG|75px]]
 
| The bells of [[House Belmore]]
 
|-
 
| [[File:House Blackbar.PNG|75px]]
 
| The black bar of [[House Blackbar]].
 
|}
 
  
 
In other houses the canting refers not to their name of the family, but to their ancestral seat. Examples include:
 
In other houses the canting refers not to their name of the family, but to their ancestral seat. Examples include:
  
{| cellspacing="5" border="0"
+
<gallery>
| [[file:House Martell.PNG|75px]]
+
File:House Martell.svg|The sun and spear of [[House Martell]] for their home [[Sunspear]]
| The sun and spear of [[House Martell]] for their home [[Sunspear]]
+
File:House Connington.svg|The griffins of [[House Connington]] of [[Griffin's Roost]]
|-
+
File:House Frey.png|The two towers of [[House Frey]] of [[the Twins]]  
| [[File:House Connington.png|75px]]
+
</gallery>
| The griffins of [[House Connington]] of [[Griffin's Roost]]
 
|-
 
| [[File:House Frey.png|75px]]
 
| The two towers of [[House Frey]] of [[the Twins]]  
 
|}
 
  
 
===House Words===
 
===House Words===
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** In the Wayfarer's Rest branch, the circle enclosing the pair of eyes could symbolize the title of "The Eyes of the Overworld", from The Dying Earth series.[[File:House Vance of Wayfarer's rest.PNG|75px]]
 
** In the Wayfarer's Rest branch, the circle enclosing the pair of eyes could symbolize the title of "The Eyes of the Overworld", from The Dying Earth series.[[File:House Vance of Wayfarer's rest.PNG|75px]]
  
* Another House that can be seen as a tribute is [[House Peake]] - to Mervyn Peake, the author of "Gormenghast" trilogy. The Lord of the House is called Titus (just as a main protagonist of the trilogy) Peake. The history and  coat-of-arms also feature three castles that the family owned before it was left with only one, and the name of the one remaining castle is Starpike, which is similar to Steerpike, the name of the main antagonist of the trilogy. [[File:House_Peake.PNG|75px]]
+
* Another House that can be seen as a tribute is [[House Peake]] - to Mervyn Peake, the author of "Gormenghast" trilogy. The Lord of the House is called Titus (just as a main protagonist of the trilogy) Peake. The history and  coat-of-arms also feature three castles that the family owned before it was left with only one, and the name of the one remaining castle is Starpike, which is similar to Steerpike, the name of the main antagonist of the trilogy. [[File:House Peake.PNG|75px]]
  
 
Martin also homages one of his own characters, the [[w:Great and Powerful Turtle|Great and Powerful Turtle]] from [[w:Wild Cards|Wild Cards]], in [[House Tudbury]]. [[File:House Tudbury.png|75px]]
 
Martin also homages one of his own characters, the [[w:Great and Powerful Turtle|Great and Powerful Turtle]] from [[w:Wild Cards|Wild Cards]], in [[House Tudbury]]. [[File:House Tudbury.png|75px]]
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
* [[:Category:Coat_of_arms_images|Showcase of coat of arms]] in use on the wiki and [[Houses of Westeros]]
+
* [[:Category:Coat of arms images|Showcase of coat of arms]] in use on the wiki and [[Houses of Westeros]]
 +
* [[List of houses]]
 +
* [[List of personal arms]]
 
* The Citadel [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/Heraldry/ Heraldry] page.
 
* The Citadel [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/Heraldry/ Heraldry] page.
 
* Wikipedia [[w:Heraldry|Heraldry]]
 
* Wikipedia [[w:Heraldry|Heraldry]]
Line 283: Line 275:
 
*[http://arcana.wikidot.com/coat-of-arms The Arcana Wiki: Coat of Arms]
 
*[http://arcana.wikidot.com/coat-of-arms The Arcana Wiki: Coat of Arms]
 
==References==
 
==References==
<references />
+
{{References|2}}
 
[[fr:Héraldique des Sept Couronnes]]
 
[[fr:Héraldique des Sept Couronnes]]
 
[[Category:Culture]]
 
[[Category:Culture]]
 +
[[Category:Heraldry|*]]

Revision as of 21:28, 6 October 2017

Heraldry sketch by tribemun.jpg
A knight easily identifiable by his heraldry as belonging to House Qorgyle - by Tomasz Jedruszek. © FFG
Calling the Banners. © FFG
A Dothraki flying Queen Daenerys Targaryen's banner - by Régis Moulun. © FFG

Heraldry is the art and science of blazoning coats of arms. It is an important part of the Seven Kingdoms feudal structure. Heraldry are used by the royalty and nobility as sign of status, most of the noble houses have their own designs, and variants of these designs are adopted only by members of the house. Coats of arms are commonly used by knights in tourneys and on the battlefields as a way to identify allied from enemy soldiers in the heat of battle; conversely, mystery knights that want anonymity use blank or nonexistent coats of arms.

Heraldry in Westeros and in the real world

Overall, the heraldry of the Seven Kingdoms seems to be quite similar to that of medieval Europe, at least in purpose. Most of the Seven Kingdoms use escutcheon-shaped coats of arms; Dorne, however seems to favor circular coats of arms that are not widely seen anywhere else. There is little or no mention of the heraldic vocabulary of Westeros, either; in the real world heraldry has its own collection of jargon known as blazonry, whereas in Westeros arms tend to be described in standard English.

The arms of a house belong to that family as in Germany, and Italy and may be used only by trueborn descendants of that house.[1][2] Bastards use the arms of their father's house with the tinctures reversed, cf. House Blackfyre.

Tinctures

Also, it is worth noting that real world heraldic rules and terminology seem to have little formal use in Westeros and may in fact be non-existent,[3] including the well-known Rule of tincture which dictates that metals (argent and or, i.e. white and gold) should not be placed over other metals, and colours (vert, gules, azure, sable and purpure, i.e. green, red, blue, black and purple) should not be placed over other colours. Examples of this rule being broken include:

It is possible and perhaps likely that George R. R. Martin wanted to depict an earlier medieval society, before the rules of heraldry were well-developed and well-accepted.

The tincture known as "furs" however are used in Westeros heraldry; for example:

In traditional heraldry no distinction is made between white, silver and light grey, which are all named "argent". Likewise, both gold and yellow are considered "Or". That is not so in Westeros: white, (light) grey and silver are treated as distinct tinctures and can be used together on a coat of arms. Examples are:

Many of the available blazons of Westerosi coats of arms are notable in their lack of detail; for instance the blazon for the coat of arms of House Blanetree ("maple leaves, green and brown, strewn on a field of yellow") fails to tell us how many maple leafs the shield should have, and gives only the vaguest indication of how they should be placed and in some cases the blazons manifest in quite poor designs rendering them of little use for recognition on the battlefield, for example: House Hayford and House Lynderly.

For practical reasons, traditional heraldry uses a very limited set of tinctures; it was not always practical or possible to reproduce subtler color variations in the numbers and time constraints found. Besides, coats of arms are meant to be recognizable from far away and are often employed in shields and other pieces of equipment that are subject to abuse, neglect and disrepair. Even today, many pigments show some degree of color degradation, often severe, when consistently exposed to sun rays, rain and other influences.

This limited palette is not the case in the Seven Kingdoms, where heraldic descriptions include ambiguous colours such as:

The use of physical material descriptions like 'oak', 'masonry' or 'sand' in Martin's heraldic descriptions also complicates matters because it is uncertain whether these refer to a shade of colour or an attempt to actually represent these materials pictorially, such as painting the grain of the oak or the bricks of the masonry. Such detail would seem difficult to render on fabric surfaces such as flags, surcoats or the livery of men-at-arms or servants. This however reflect the real world use of the tincture "proper".

Devices and Charges

Charges are objects or figures placed on a shield. Many of the devices and charges used in the heraldry of Westeros derive directly from traditional sources and include creatures such as lions, stags and birds, and symbols such as stars, weapons and ships. There are some notable differences in Martin's designs though:

The use of seven-pointed stars to represent the Faith of the Seven. Seven-pointed stars are rare in traditional heraldry and vexillology, with a notable exception being the flag of Australia. Examples include:


The use of very detailed pictures, particularly humanoid figures, such as:

In reality, these figures would be difficult to render on shields and flags with any accuracy or consistency.

The use of detailed creatures and figures on the shield that would normally only appear as supporters in traditional coats of arms, such as:

The use of Westeros-specific fauna and flora, such as:

Ordinaries

Ordinaries.

Some charges with simple geometric shapes are so common that they are often classified separately as ordinaries. These include:

fess
a horizontal band (e.g. House Blackbar)
pale
a vertical band, meaning an upright stake, whence "palisade" (e.g. House Hayford)
bend
diagonal band, from dexter chief to sinister base (e.g. House Hasty). "Sinister" and "dexter" mean left and right respectively, but they are from the point of view of someone holding the shield, so they are reversed from an observer's viewpoint. The bend sinister goes the other way, from sinister chief to dexter base (e.g. House Blount).
chief
a broad band across the top of the shield (e.g. House Bywater); "chief" also describes a location near or towards the top of the shield
cross
meaning always an upright cross (e.g. House Gower); a very common ordinary in European heraldry (with an obvious religious meaning), but seems to be less common in the Seven Kingdoms.
saltire
a diagonal cross (e.g. House Estren)
pile
a roughly equilateral triangle with the top edge of the shield as its base (e.g. House Burley)
pall
a Y shape (e.g. House Coldwater), often as not inverted (e.g. House Flint of Flint's Finger)
bordure
a border parallel with the edge of the shield; called simply border in the books (e.g. House Merryweather)
orle
a shield-shaped ring - similar to a bordure but does not reach the edge of the shield, leaving a small gap of the main field tincture. The tressure is similar but thinner (e.g. House Mooton); a double tressure (e.g. House Greenfield) consists of two tressures, one inside the other.
chevron
a horizontal band with a kink in the middle, so that it slopes downwards towards both edges of the shield
canton
a square in dexter chief (e.g. House Bolling)

Variations of the field

Divisions of the field.

The field of a shield, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colors, or variation. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called barry, while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called paly. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called bendy or bendy sinister, depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include chevrony, gyronny and chequy. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of barry-bendy, paly-bendy, lozengy and fusilly. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field.[4][5]

Examples

 a pine tree covered with snow in a pale green pile, on white The arms of the House Mollen has a "pile" :"A snow covered pine tree on a pile light green on a white"
 inverted pall between three lion's heads, yellow on black Some pieces like the pall or chevron may be oriented in different ways, thus, the image of the House Jast has a pall inverted " inverted pall between three lion's heads, yellow on black "
 A blue wavy bend on gold All the ordinaries can also undergo various changes in size or edge, for example the bend that loads the image of the House Goodbrook is called "wavy" A blue wavy bend on gold '
 vairy orange and blue; upon a black canton, a golden stag beneath an orange bend sinister Finally, an ordinary can load another ordinary, so the image of the House Bolling has a canton charged with a bend: "vairy orange and blue; upon a black canton, a golden stag beneath an orange bend sinister".

Divisions of the field

The field of a shield in heraldry can be divided into more than one tincture, as can the various heraldic charges. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These divisions are considered to lie next to each other rather than on top of each other and thus the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, nebuly, or made into myriad other forms.[6][7]

In general, if the field is divided and every segment has to be blazoned (e.g. each has a different charge on it), they are blazoned in the following order: dexter to sinister, then chief to base. In the case of "party per cross" or "quarterly", the four segments are typically numbered in this order.

A direwolf gray on pristine white snowfield Thus, the image of the House Stark is a shield plain, a term that generally can not be transcribed: " A direwolf gray on pristine white snowfield "
Quarterly, first and fourth in a field of yellow sun rose in the second and third a crescent white on a blue field The crest of the House Tarth he is a shield "party per cross", usually blazoned "quarterly": Quarterly, first and fourth a yellow sun on a rose field in the second and third a white crescent on a blue field
Two swans fighters, black and white from one to the other, beaked and hung with gold and white field advantage black The crest of the House Swann is "party per pale" Two swans fighters, black and white from one to the other, beaked and hung with gold and white field advantage black

Marshalling

To marshal two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplest is impalement: dividing the field per pale and putting one whole coat in each half. Impalement replaced the earlier dimidiation – combining the dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another – because dimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a bend and chevron. "Dexter" (from Latin dextra, right) means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the arms and "sinister" (from Latin sinistra, left) means to the left. The dexter side is considered the side of greatest honour.

house Baratheon House Lannister personnel de Joffrey Baratheon The arms of Joffrey Baratheon consists Per pale the Arms of his paternal and maternal families[2].

A more versatile method is quartering, division of the field by both vertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain after the 13th century.[8] As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of "quarters"; the largest number recorded being the arms of the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, featuring a total of 719 "quarters".

Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats are quartered, the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left and the mother's mother's ... mother on the extreme right. A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters, though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts.[9]

Maison Frey House Lannister personnel Arms of Ser Cleos Frey The arms of service Cleos Frey quartered arms of Frey with arms of Lannister.
personnel of Big Walder Frey The personal coat of arms of Big Walder Frey is made with the arms of House Paege (by his mother) and House Blackwood (by his grandmother). This helps distinguish it from many other Walder Freys.[10]

The third common mode of marshalling is with an inescutcheon, a small shield placed in front of the main shield. In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (that is, she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.[11]

arms of House Blackwood arms of House Blackwood : A flock of ravens on scarlet surrouning a dead weirwood upon a black escutcheon.

Inheritance and Younger sons

In Westeros arms belong to a family, and any trueborn child may use the family arms. This is similar to the practice in German heraldry, and converse to the practice in British heraldry, where only the head of the family may use the family arms; other members of the family have to difference their arms in some way. In Westeros this is not compulsory, though many choose to adopt their own personal arms, usually a minor variation on the arms of their house. For example:

 personnel arms of Valarr Targaryen The coat of arms of Prince Valarr Targaryen consists of coat of arms House Targaryen with a red border.[1]
 personnelarms of Maekar Targaryen The coat of arms of Prince Maekar has four three-headed dragons on a black field instead of one for the image of the House Targaryen because it is the fourth son of king Daeron II.[1]
 personnel arms of Ser Loras Tyrell .The arms of Ser Loras Tyrell has three gold roses on a green field instead of one for the image of the house Tyrell because he was the third son of Lord Mace Tyrell [12]. Similarly, his older brother, Ser Garlan Tyrell, features two golden roses on his own personal coat of arms as the second son of the family.[13]

The bastards

Bastards do not have the right to use the arms of their families. The custom is thus a bastard using arms (when knighted for example) adds a distinction, called "breaking". This can be in the form of a color inversion on their own coats of arms, with the addition of a possible red bar sinister.

House Targaryen House Blackfyre Arms of House Blackfyre, founded by a bastard of the House Targaryen, has the colors reversed.[14]
House Frey  personnel arms of Walder Rivers The coat of arms of Walder Rivers, bastard son of Lord Walder Frey, has the colors reversed and a red bend sinister.[15]
House Blackfyre House Bracken personal arms of Aegor Rivers The coat of arms of Aegor Rivers "Bittersteel", a bastard son of Aegon IV Targaryen. He has combined the sigills of House Bracken (his mothers house) and House Blackfyre.

Canting

Martin makes use of canting arms to represent some of the houses in his books. Canting arms are a type of heraldic pun, whereby the blazon of the shield makes a direct reference to the name of the family. Examples include:

In other houses the canting refers not to their name of the family, but to their ancestral seat. Examples include:

House Words

In real world heraldry there are family mottos that are often shown on a scroll under the shield in a coat of arms (except in Scottish heraldry where they are placed above the shield). In Westeros these are called house 'words'.

Heraldic homage

Some of the Houses and their blazons are tributes to other authors. For example:

  • House Rogers.png
    House Rogers can be seen as a tribute to Roger Zelazny, and the unicorn and maze device on that house's arms to be representative of two of Zelazny's works: "Unicorn Variations" and the "Chronicles of Amber" series. This latter features "The Pattern", a labyrinth-like inscription that orders the multiverse.
  • Jack Vance is acknowledged in two houses, House Vance of Wayfarer's Rest and House Vance of Atranta. The use of dragons in both Vance houses' shields could refer to another award-winning work, "The Dragon Masters".
    • In the Atranta branch, the use of the tower could refer to Vance's Nebula Award-winning 1966 work "The Last Castle". House Vance of Artranta.PNG
    • In the Wayfarer's Rest branch, the circle enclosing the pair of eyes could symbolize the title of "The Eyes of the Overworld", from The Dying Earth series.House Vance of Wayfarer's rest.PNG
  • Another House that can be seen as a tribute is House Peake - to Mervyn Peake, the author of "Gormenghast" trilogy. The Lord of the House is called Titus (just as a main protagonist of the trilogy) Peake. The history and coat-of-arms also feature three castles that the family owned before it was left with only one, and the name of the one remaining castle is Starpike, which is similar to Steerpike, the name of the main antagonist of the trilogy. House Peake.PNG

Martin also homages one of his own characters, the Great and Powerful Turtle from Wild Cards, in House Tudbury. House Tudbury.png

See also

Software

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 The Hedge Knight.
  2. 2.0 2.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 7, Arya I.
  3. http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/Heraldry_in_Westeros/
  4. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies. A Complete Guide to Heraldry isbn 1417906308 (Kessinger Publishing,year 2004) page 101
  5. Heraldry Variations of the field
  6. Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. Basic Heraldry. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.
  7. Heraldry Divisions of the field
  8. Thomas Woodcock & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 14.
  9. Edmundas Rimša. Heraldry Past to Present. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38.
  10. A Clash of Kings, Chapter 17, Tyrion IV.
  11. Heraldry Marshalling
  12. A Clash of Kings, Chapter 22, Catelyn II.
  13. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 6, Sansa I.
  14. The Sworn Sword.
  15. A Feast for Crows, Chapter 38, Jaime VI.