Difference between revisions of "Pronunciation guide"

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==Sources==
 
==Sources==
 
===Author===
 
===Author===
[[George Raymond Richard Martin]] himself is an [[w:United States|American]] who was born to a family of mixed [[w:Italian-Americans|Italian]] and [[w:Irish-Americans|Irish]] ancestry and grew up in [[w:Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne, New Jersey]]. He attended college and university at [[w:Northwestern University|Northwestern]] in [[w:Evanston, Illinois|Evanston, Illinois]], and now lives in [[w:Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe, New Mexico]], but his accent has been described as remaining a "gravelly New Jersey" one.<ref>Salter, Jessica. "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/game-of-thrones/9945808/Game-of-Thrones-Interview-with-George-RR-Martin.html Game of Thrones<!--No italics sic.-->: Interview with George RR<!--No periods sic.--> Martin]". ''The Telegraph'', 25 Mar 2013. Accessed 2 May 2014.</ref> He has offered the opinions, however, that his own pronunciations are probably "wrong"<ref name=albu/> and that English accents work better for fantasy: "It is full of castles and lords and swords and knights and all the other trappings we associate with England in [[w:United States|this country]]. It seems natural. It would be hard to do with a group of actors who had thick [[w:Southern English|Southern accents]]".<ref>Wheeler, Brian. "[http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17554816 Why Are Fantasy World Accents British?]" ''BBC News Magazine'', 30 Mar 2012. Accessed 2 May 2014.</ref>
+
[[George Raymond Richard Martin]] himself is an [[w:United States|American]] who was born to a family of mixed [[w:Italian-Americans|Italian]] and [[w:Irish-Americans|Irish]] ancestry and grew up in [[w:Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne, New Jersey]]. He attended college and university at [[w:Northwestern University|Northwestern]] in [[w:Evanston, Illinois|Evanston, Illinois]], and now lives in [[w:Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe, New Mexico]], but his accent has been described as remaining a "gravelly New Jersey" one.<ref>Salter, Jessica. "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/game-of-thrones/9945808/Game-of-Thrones-Interview-with-George-RR-Martin.html Game of Thrones<!--No italics sic.-->: Interview with George RR<!--No periods sic.--> Martin]". ''The Telegraph'', 25 Mar 2013. Accessed 2 May 2014.</ref> He has offered the opinions that his own pronunciations are probably "wrong"<ref name=albu/> and that English accents work better for fantasy: "It is full of castles and lords and swords and knights and all the other trappings we associate with England in [[w:United States|this country]]. It seems natural. It would be hard to do with a group of actors who had thick [[w:Southern English|Southern accents]]".<ref>Wheeler, Brian. "[http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17554816 Why Are Fantasy World Accents British?]" ''BBC News Magazine'', 30 Mar 2012. Accessed 2 May 2014.</ref>
  
 
===Television Show===
 
===Television Show===
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{{anchor|Brienne}}
 
{{anchor|Brienne}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
| rowspan="3" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Brienne'''
+
| rowspan="4" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Brienne'''
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh>[http://a1018.g.akamai.net/f/1018/19019/1d/randomhouse1.download.akamai.com/19019/GeorgeRRMartinInterview.mp3 Interview with George R.R. Martin]. Random House.</ref><ref name=naz/><ref name=nyc2/>
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh>[http://a1018.g.akamai.net/f/1018/19019/1d/randomhouse1.download.akamai.com/19019/GeorgeRRMartinInterview.mp3 Interview with George R.R. Martin]. Random House, Nov 2005.</ref>
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|bɹi'ɛəni}}]
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|bree}}-an-ee''
 +
|-
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=naz/><ref name=nyc2/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|bɹi'əni}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|bɹi'əni}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|bree}}-ə-nee''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|bree}}-ə-nee''
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{| {{ts|w50}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
| rowspan="2" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Catelyn'''
 
| rowspan="2" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Catelyn'''
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=berk>Riale. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2000/11/ Cody's Signing (Berkley, Ca.)]". ''The Citadel'', 11 Nov 2000.</ref>
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=berk>Riale. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2000/11/ Cody's Signing (Berkley, Ca.)]". ''The Citadel'', 11 Nov 2000.</ref><ref>Mich. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2006/01/ Canadian Signing Tour (Toronto)]". ''The Citadel'', 9 Jan 2006.</ref>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'kætəlɪn}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'kætəlɪn}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|kat}}-ə-lin''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|kat}}-ə-lin''
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| rowspan="2" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Daenerys'''
 
| rowspan="2" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Daenerys'''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/><ref name=albu/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/><ref name=albu/>
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|də'nɛəɹɪs}}]
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|də'nɛɹɪs}}]
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''də-{{sc|nair}}-iss''
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''də-{{sc|nerr}}-iss''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=nyc2>Strangerwithmyface. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/11/ US Signing Tour (New York, NY)]". ''The Citadel'', 15 Nov 2005.</ref>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=nyc2>Strangerwithmyface. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/11/ US Signing Tour (New York, NY)]". ''The Citadel'', 15 Nov 2005.</ref>
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{| {{ts|w50}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Jaime Lannister|Jaime]]'''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Jaime Lannister|Jaime]]'''
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/><ref name=albu>Oathkeeper. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/11/ US Signing Tour (Albuquerque, NM]". ''The Citadel'', 29 Nov 2005.</ref><ref name=nyc2/>
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/><ref name=albu>Oathkeeper. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/11/ US Signing Tour (Albuquerque, NM)]". ''The Citadel'', 29 Nov 2005.</ref><ref name=nyc2/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'dʒeɪmi}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'dʒeɪmi}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|jay}}&#8209;mee'',&nbsp;like&nbsp;[[wikt:Jamie|Jamie]]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|jay}}&#8209;mee'',&nbsp;like&nbsp;[[wikt:Jamie|Jamie]]
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{| {{ts|w50}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
| rowspan="2" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Petyr Baelish|Petyr]]'''
 
| rowspan="2" {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Petyr Baelish|Petyr]]'''
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref>"[http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/05/ To Be Continued 4 (Chicago, Illinois)]". ''The Citadel'', 6&ndash;8 May 2005.</ref>
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref>"So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/05/ To Be Continued (Chicago, Il.)]". ''The Citadel'', 6&ndash;8 May 2005.</ref>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'pi:təɹ}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'pi:təɹ}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|pee}}-tər'', like [[wikt:Peter|Peter]]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|pee}}-tər'', like [[wikt:Peter|Peter]]
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{{anchor|Rickon}}
 
{{anchor|Rickon}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''Rickon'''
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Rickon Stark|Rickon]]'''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'ɹɪkɒn}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'ɹɪkɒn}}]
Line 338: Line 342:
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'tɪɹiən}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'tɪɹiən}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|tyr}}-ee-ən''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|tyr}}-ee-ən''
|}
 
 
{{anchor|Tyrosh}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Tyrosh]]'''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=tbc/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} |
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''ty-{{sc|rosh}}''
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 487: Line 483:
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
{| {{ts|w50}}
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Lys]]'''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Lys]]'''
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=tbc>Odiedragon. "So Spake Martin: [ To Be Continued (Chicago, Il.)]". ''The Citadel'', 6&ndash;8 May 2005.</ref>
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=tbc>Odiedragon. "So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2005/05/  To Be Continued (Chicago, Il.)]". ''The Citadel'', 6&ndash;8 May 2005.</ref>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} |  
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} |  
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|leess}}''
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|leess}}''
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{anchor|Tyrosh}}
 +
{| {{ts|w50}}
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | '''[[Tyrosh]]'''
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=tbc/>
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} |
 +
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''ty-{{sc|rosh}}''
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 497: Line 501:
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | {{sc|grrm}}<ref name=rh/>
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'wɛstəɹos}}]
 
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | [{{IPA|'wɛstəɹos}}]
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|wes}}--ros''
+
| {{ts|al|pl1|w25}} | ''{{sc|wes}}-tər-os''
 
|}
 
|}
  

Revision as of 23:39, 6 May 2014

The pronunciation of names in the Known World is variable. Unlike the academic J.R.R. Tolkien, who claimed to have written The Lord of the Rings series primarily for the joy of fleshing out the invented languages of Middle Earth,[1] George R.R. Martin has stated that "I don't have his gift for languages"[2] and, when asked about canonical pronunciations, replied that "you can pronounce it however you like."[3]

Sources

Author

George Raymond Richard Martin himself is an American who was born to a family of mixed Italian and Irish ancestry and grew up in Bayonne, New Jersey. He attended college and university at Northwestern in Evanston, Illinois, and now lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, but his accent has been described as remaining a "gravelly New Jersey" one.[4] He has offered the opinions that his own pronunciations are probably "wrong"[5] and that English accents work better for fantasy: "It is full of castles and lords and swords and knights and all the other trappings we associate with England in this country. It seems natural. It would be hard to do with a group of actors who had thick Southern accents".[6]

Television Show

Within the television show, accents generally reflect the region and class of the characters. (A specific class-based difference noted within the show is that the lords themselves carefully enunciate "my lord" as two words whereas commoners slur them into a monosyllabic "m'lud".[7]) Westerosi accents generally reflect those of Britain, from Northern among the First Men of the North and beyond the Wall to Welsh influence in the Vale to posh RP accents among the Andal nobility and clergy of the Westerlands and Crownlands. Essosi comprises the rest of Eurasia and characters from its regions have spoken with Mediterranean (Braavos), Germanic (Lorath), and loosely Arabic accents (Dothraki).[8] The more peculiar accents of the Essosi characters reflect that the Common Tongue of the Andals (i.e., English) is not their native language.[9] These general differences have several notable exceptions among the actors: Ned Stark's children speak with southern British accents while Samwell Tarly (from Horn Hill, south of Highgarden) speaks with John Bradley-West's Mancunian dialect. Asshai is nowhere near Lorath but Melisandre speaks with Carice van Houten's native Dutch accent.[8]

The show hired the linguist David J. Peterson to flesh out Essos's Dothraki language.[10] He then went on to create Valyrian from only three phrases appearing in the books: dracarys, valar morghulis, and valar dohaeris. He runs a blog detailing the grammar of the two languages[11] and provides translations of (and audio files for) Martin's books and the actors' lines[12] but his pronunciations are not necessarily canonical: showrunners opted against his pronunciation of khaleesi, actors change phrasings and vocalizations, and editors clip sentences during post-production.[10]

Audio Books

All of the audiobooks of the series have now been read by Roy Dotrice, OBE, the British actor who played Hallyne the Pyromancer in season 2 of the television show. Owing to scheduling issues, A Feast for Crows was also initially read by John Lee, who speaks an Irish-tinged British English.[13] Martin credited the audiobooks with having consulted him on most of the 'hard' names and getting them right, but noted that they "then went and got all the easy ones wrong".[5]

Guide

For help understanding the pronunciations, see IPA for English[14] and the pronunciation respelling key at Wikipedia.[15] For further information on dialectical differences, see IPA for English dialects.

The following abbreviations are employed:

Given Names


Areo grrm[16] ['ɑɹiəʊ] ar-ee-oh

Arya grrm[17] ['ɑɹiə] ar-ee-ə, like aria
grrm[18][19] & got ['ɑɹjə] ar-yə, like 'are ya'

Benjen grrm[20] ['bɛndʒɛn] ben-jen

Bran grrm[17] [bɹæn] bran

Brienne grrm[21] [bɹi'ɛəni] bree-an-ee
grrm[3][19] [bɹi'əni] bree-ə-nee
got [bɹi'ɛn] bree-en
rd & jl [bɹaɪ'i:n] bry-een

Caleotte grrm[16] ['kæliɒt] kal-ee-aht

Catelyn grrm[22][23] ['kætəlɪn] kat-ə-lin
grrm[24] & got ['kætlɪn] kat-lin

Cersei grrm[21][20][19] ['sɜɹseɪ] serr-say
rd ['sɜ:si] suh-see
jl ['sɪəseɪ] sih-ə-say

Chataya grrm[25] shə-ty-yə

Daenerys grrm[21][5] [də'nɛɹɪs] də-nerr-iss
grrm[19] [deɪn'ɛɹɪs] dayn-err-iss

Dany grrm[21] ['dæni] dan-nee, like Danny

Davos grrm[21][24] ['dɑːvos] dah-vos

Dolorous grrm[26] dol-lər-us

Doran grrm[16][27] [dəʊ'ɹæn] doh-ran

Elia grrm[27] el-lee-ə

Hodor grrm[3] hoh-dor

Jaime grrm[21][5][19] ['dʒeɪmi] jay‑mee, like Jamie

Jojen ['dʒəʊdʒən] joh-jən

Jon grrm[21] [dʒɒn] jon, like John

Jonquil grrm[26] ['dʒɒnkɪl] jon-kil

Lyanna grrm[24] ly-an-ə

Lysa grrm[20] [laɪsɑː] ly-sah
got ['laɪsə] ly-sə

Missandei grrm[24] meess-ahn-day

Myrcella grrm[28] mər-sel-lə

Petyr grrm[29] ['pi:təɹ] pee-tər, like Peter
rd [pɪ'taɪə] pih-ty

Pyat grrm[28] pee-at

Rhaegar grrm[30] & got ['ɹeɪgɑɹ] ray-gar

Rickon grrm[21] ['ɹɪkɒn] rik-on

Sandor san-dor (The resemblance to a Hungarian name is unintentional.[31])

Sansa grrm[24] ['sɔːnsə] sawn-sə
grrm[19] ['sænsə] san-sə
got variously ['sænsə], ['sænzə], ['sɑːnsə] san-sə, san-zə, son-sə

Tobho grrm[26] [toʊ:'boʊ] toh-boh

Tommen grrm[16][24] ['toʊmən] tohm-ən, like omen[25]
rd & jl ['tɒmən] tom-ən, like common

Tyrion grrm[21][20][19] ['tɪɹiən] tyr-ee-ən

Tysha grrm[31] tish

Tywin grrm[22] & got ['taɪwɪn] ty-win

Varys grrm[24] var-us

Viserys got [vɪ'sɛːrɪs] vih-serr-iss

Xaro Xhoan got ['zaːrəʊ 'zəʊ.æn] zah-roh zoh-an

Houses and surnames

Baratheon got [bə'ræθiən] bə-rath-ee-ən

Daxos got ['dɒksɒs] dok-sos

Frey grrm[26] & got [freɪ] fray

Hotah grrm[16] ['həʊtɑː] hoh-tah

Lannister grrm[21] ['lænɪstəɹ] lan-nih-stər

Stark grrm[21] [stɑɹk] stark

Targaryen grrm[21][22][5] [tɑɹ'gɛɹiən] tar-gerr-ee-ən

Places

Asshai rd [a'ʃaɪ] a-shy
jl ['aʃaɪ] ash-eye

Moat Cailin grrm[24] moht kah-lan

Dothraki grrm[28] doth-ra-kee

Ghis grrm[28] geess, like geese

Lys grrm[31] leess

Tyrosh grrm[31] ty-rosh

Westeros grrm[21] ['wɛstəɹos] wes-tər-os

Titles

Khaleesi grrm[24] ['kɑliːsiː] kal-ee-see
got [kɑː'liːsiː] ka-lee-see

Maester grrm[20][30][24][5] ['meɪstəɹ] may-stər
got ['meɪstɝː] may-sterr

Ser grrm[5] [sɝː] serr, like sir

References and Notes

  1. Peterson, Britt. "Yes, Writing Languages for 'Game of Thrones' Is a Real Job". Boston Globe, 6 Apr 2014. Accessed 2 May 2014.
  2. Amoka. "Yet More Questions". The Citadel, 22 July 2001. Accessed 1 May 2014.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nazfyratu. "US Signing Tour (New York City, NY)". The Citadel, 15 Nov 2005. Accessed 1 May 2014.
  4. Salter, Jessica. "Game of Thrones: Interview with George RR Martin". The Telegraph, 25 Mar 2013. Accessed 2 May 2014.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Oathkeeper. "So Spake Martin: US Signing Tour (Albuquerque, NM)". The Citadel, 29 Nov 2005.
  6. Wheeler, Brian. "Why Are Fantasy World Accents British?" BBC News Magazine, 30 Mar 2012. Accessed 2 May 2014.
  7. Tywin Lannister to Arya Stark in "A Man without Honor".
  8. 8.0 8.1 Read, Max. "What Is Going on with the Accents in Game of Thrones?". Gawker, 6 May 2013. Accessed 1 May 2014.
  9. Daenerys's request that leaders of her army begin learning the language is a minor plot point in "Oathkeeper".
  10. 10.0 10.1 Martin, Denise. "Learn to Speak Dothraki and Valyrian from the Man who Invented Them for Game of Thrones". Vulture, 24 Apr 2013. Accessed 1 May 2014.
  11. Peterson, David. Dothraki: A Language of Fire and Blood. Accessed 1 May 2014.
  12. Tharoor, Ishaan. "Tongues of Ice and Fire: Creating the Languages in Game of Thrones". Time, 3 May 2013. Accessed 2 May 2014.
  13. Narrator Profile: John Lee". AudioFile Magazine. Accessed 2 May 2014.
  14. For further information on IPA, see Wikipedia's article on the International Phonetic Alphabet. The IPA can be somewhat non-intuitive for native English-speakers, particularly since it uses continental values for its vowels.
  15. For further information on respelling, see pronunciation respelling for English.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Interview with George R.R. Martin. Canadian Broadcast Channel.
  17. 17.0 17.1 Interview with George R.R. Martin. Fast Forward.
  18. "So Spake Martin: Cersei and Homer". The Citadel, 10 Sept 1999.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Strangerwithmyface. "So Spake Martin: US Signing Tour (New York, NY)". The Citadel, 15 Nov 2005.
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Revanshe. "So Spake Martin: Various Pronunciations". The Citadel, 24 Oct 1998.
  21. 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 Interview with George R.R. Martin. Random House, Nov 2005.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 Riale. "So Spake Martin: Cody's Signing (Berkley, Ca.)". The Citadel, 11 Nov 2000.
  23. Mich. "So Spake Martin: Canadian Signing Tour (Toronto)". The Citadel, 9 Jan 2006.
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 Lyanna Wolfgirl. "Thus Spake Martin: Torcon (Toronto, Canada)". The Citadel, 28 Aug–1 Sept 2003.
  25. 25.0 25.1 Mouse. "So Spake Martin: Torcon (Toronto, Canada)". The Citadel, 28 Aug–1 Sept 2003.
  26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Bronn Stone. "So Spake Martin: Torcon (Toronto, Canada)". The Citadel, 28 Aug–1 Sept 2003.
  27. 27.0 27.1 Bronn Stone. "So Spake Martin: Conquest (Kansas City, Mo.)". The Citadel, 27 May 2005.
  28. 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Elio M. García. "So Spake Martin: Interaction (Glasgow, Scotland)". The Citadel, 4–8 Aug 2005.
  29. "So Spake Martin: To Be Continued (Chicago, Il.)". The Citadel, 6–8 May 2005.
  30. 30.0 30.1 "So Spake Martin: Pronunciations". The Citadel, 8 May 1999.
  31. 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Odiedragon. "So Spake Martin: To Be Continued (Chicago, Il.)". The Citadel, 6–8 May 2005.