Difference between revisions of "Valyrian steel"

From A Wiki of Ice and Fire
Jump to: navigation, search
m
m (References and Sources)
(30 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Valyrian steel''' is a magical alloy invented in [[Valyria]] and used to make [[armament|weapons]] of unparalleled quality.  It is the spells and magic that make the steel special.<ref name=Producing/>  
+
'''Valyrian steel''' was invented in [[Valyria]], and was used to make [[armament|weapons]] and various other items of unparalleled quality.  [[Magic]] and spells play a role in its forging, which makes the steel special and gives it magical characteristics.{{ref|AGoT|2}}<ref name=Producing/><ref name=Process/>
  
==About==
+
==History==
Valyrian steel was manufactured in the Freehold of Valyria with [[dragon]]fire before the freehold fell.{{Ref|HboGoT|s04e01}} It is much lighter and stronger than regular steel.  It cannot be made any more, no one knows the secrets to its forging since Valyria vanished.  
+
Valyrian steel, possibly forged with [[dragon]]s,{{ref|AGOT|72}} was manufactured in the [[Valyrian Freehold]] of old. Valyrian steel blades are lighter, stronger, and sharper than even the best castle-forged steel. The blades feature distinctive rippled patterns (similar to real-world [[w:Damascus steel|Damascus steel]]), the mark of steel that has been folded back on itself many thousands of times.{{ref|ASoS|32}} There may be thousands of Valyrian steel blades remaining in the world, but in Westeros there are only 227 such weapons according to [[Archmaester]] [[Thurgood]]'s ''[[Inventories]]'', some of which have since been lost or have disappeared from recorded history.{{ref|twoiaf| Ancient History: Valyria's Children}} Most Valyrian steel blades in [[Westeros]] are treasured heirlooms of noble houses, each with its own name and storied history, and even impoverished lesser houses are unwilling to give them up.{{ref|ASOS|32}}
  
Valyrian steel blades are lighter, stronger, and sharper than even the best castle-forged steel, and feature distinctive rippled patterns similar to [[wikipedia:Damascus steel|Damascus steel]]. Most Valyrian steel blades in [[Westeros]] are treasured heirlooms of noble houses, each with its own name and storied history. Valyrian steel keeps its edge forever.{{Ref|HboGoT|s04e01}}  
+
Valyrian steel was always costly, but it became considerably more so when there was no more Valyria, the secret of its making lost with the [[Doom of Valyria|Doom]].<ref name="valyria">[[So Spake Martin]]: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/On_Valyrian_Steel_and_Twist_Endings On Valyrian Steel and Twist Endings], March 16, 2008</ref> Only the greatest weaponsmiths can reforge swords from existing Valyrian steel, making those remaining weapons highly treasured and extremely rare.{{ref|ASOS|32}} The blacksmiths of [[Qohor]] claim to know the magics for reforging Valyrian steel without losing its strength or unsurpassed ability to hold an edge.{{ref|agot|27}}{{ref|twoiaf| Ancient History: Valyria's Children}}  
  
Only the greatest weaponsmiths can reforge swords from existing Valyrian steel, but the secret of creating such an alloy was apparently  [[Doom of Valyria|lost with Valyria]], making those remaining weapons highly treasured and extremely rare. The blacksmiths of [[Qohor]] claim to know how to reforge Valyrian steel, and [[Tobho Mott]] did reforge [[Ice]] at the request of the Lannisters, in [[King's Landing]].
+
==Recent Events==
 +
===''A Game of Thrones''===
 +
Lord [[Eddard Stark]] uses [[Ice]] to execute [[Gared]], a deserter from the [[Night's Watch]].{{ref|agot|1}}
  
==List of known Valyrian steel blades==
+
A [[catspaw]] tries to assassinate [[Bran Stark]] with a [[Valyrian steel dagger]], but he is instead slain by [[Summer]]. Bran's mother, [[Catelyn Stark]], show the dagger to [[Petyr Baelish]], who claims to have lost the dagger in the [[tourney on Prince Joffrey's name day]].{{ref|AGOT|18}}
  
'''Blades known to still exist:'''
+
In gratitude for having been saved from [[Othor|a wight]], Lord Commander [[Jeor Mormont]] gives [[Longclaw]] to [[Jon Snow]].{{ref|AGOT|60}}
  
*'''[[Widow's Wail]]'''; One of two Valyrian blades reforged by [[Tobho Mott]] from [[Ice]]. The blade was made for King [[Joffrey Baratheon]] as a wedding gift by his grandfather, Lord [[Tywin Lannister|Tywin]]. Where it was given its name from the shouted suggestion of an unnamed guest. Following Joffrey's death, ownership of Widow's Wail has presumably passed to his younger brother, King [[Tommen Baratheon|Tommen]].
+
Ser [[Ilyn Payne]] uses Ice to execute Ned Stark in [[King's Landing]].{{ref|AGOT|65}}
  
*'''[[Oathkeeper]]'''; One of two Valyrian blades reforged by Tobho Mott from [[Ice]]. The blade was made for Ser [[Jaime Lannister]], but he has given it to [[Brienne of Tarth]] for use in her quest to locate [[Sansa Stark]]. The blade was given its name, Oathkeeper, at that time.
+
===''A Storm of Swords''===
 +
Lord [[Tywin Lannister]] has [[Tobho Mott]], a blacksmith trained in [[Qohor]], reforge [[Ice]] into two new Valyrian blades.{{ref|ASOS|32}} The first, [[Widow's Wail]], is given to King [[Joffrey Baratheon|Joffrey I Baratheon]] as a wedding gift by his grandfather, Tywin. Joffrey chooses its name from the shouted suggestion of an unnamed guest.{{ref|ASOS|60}} Following Joffrey's death at his [[Purple Wedding|wedding feast]], ownership of Widow's Wail presumably passes to his younger brother, King [[Tommen Baratheon|Tommen I]].
  
*'''[[Heartsbane]]''', the ancestral two handed greatsword of [[House Tarly]], currently in the possession of Lord [[Randyll Tarly]].
+
Tywin gives the second blade to his son, Ser [[Jaime Lannister]]. Jaime then gives it to [[Brienne of Tarth]] for use in her quest to locate [[Sansa Stark]], and he asks her to name it [[Oathkeeper]].{{ref|ASOS|72}}
  
*'''[[Longclaw]]''', the ancestral Valyrian steel bastard sword of [[House Mormont]]. Currently in the possession of [[Jon Snow]].
+
===''A Feast for Crows''===
 +
When looking in the [[Night's Watch]]'s archives, [[Samwell Tarly]] reads about [[dragonsteel]], which he and [[Jon Snow]] think might have been Valyrian steel.{{ref|affc|5}}{{ref|adwd|7}}
  
*'''[[Lady Forlorn]]''', the ancestral sword of [[House Corbray]], it is currently in the possession of Ser [[Lyn Corbray]].
+
===''A Dance with Dragons''===
 +
During the [[siege of Astapor]], the sellsword [[Caggo]] fights with a Valyrian steel [[arakh]].{{Ref|aDwD|60}}
  
*'''[[Red Rain]]''', the sword of [[House Drumm]] stolen in a raid. Given the name and coloring, possibly the ancestral sword of [[House Reyne]]
+
===''The Winds of Winter''===
 +
{{Warning|This information has thus far been released in a sample chapter for ''[[The Winds of Winter]]'', and might therefore not be in finalized form. Keep in mind that the content as described below is still subject to change.}}
 +
[[Euron Greyjoy]] is seen by his captive brother, [[Aeron Greyjoy|Aeron]], in a suit of black scale armor which Aeron believes to be Valyrian steel. Aeron believes it would have cost a kingdom even before the [[Doom of Valyria]].<ref name="Forsaken">''[[The Winds of Winter]]'', [[The Forsaken (The Winds of Winter)|The Forsaken]]</ref>
  
*'''[[Nightfall]]''', the ancestral blade of [[House Harlaw]] and currently wielded by Ser [[Harras Harlaw]].
+
==List of known Valyrian steel blades==
  
*The dagger with dragonbone hilt wielded by [[Bran Stark|Bran Stark's]] failed assassin, and currently in the possession of [[Petyr Baelish]].
+
'''Blades known to still exist:'''
  
*A Valyrian steel axe reputedly possessed by [[House Celtigar]] {{Ref|aSoS|36}}.
+
*[[Heartsbane]], the ancestral two-handed greatsword of [[House Tarly]], currently in the possession of Lord [[Randyll Tarly]].
 +
*[[Lady Forlorn]], the ancestral sword of [[House Corbray]], currently in the possession of Ser [[Lyn Corbray]].
 +
*[[Longclaw]], the ancestral Valyrian steel bastard sword of [[House Mormont]]. Currently in the possession of [[Jon Snow]].
 +
*[[Nightfall]], the ancestral blade of [[House Harlaw]] and currently wielded by Ser [[Harras Harlaw]].
 +
*[[Oathkeeper]], one of two Valyrian blades reforged by [[Tobho Mott]] from [[Ice]]. The blade was made for Ser [[Jaime Lannister]], but he has given it to [[Brienne of Tarth]] for use in her quest to locate [[Sansa Stark]]. The blade was given its name, Oathkeeper, at that time.
 +
*[[Red Rain]], the sword of [[House Drumm]], which was stolen by them in a raid.{{ref|affc|19}} Given the name and coloring, possibly the ancestral sword of [[House Reyne]].
 +
*[[Widow's Wail]], one of two Valyrian blades reforged by Tobho Mott from Ice. Following [[Joffrey Baratheon]]'s death, ownership of Widow's Wail has presumably passed to his younger brother, [[Tommen Baratheon|Tommen]].
 +
*[[Valyrian steel dagger|The dagger]] with a [[dragonbone]] hilt wielded by [[Bran Stark]]'s [[catspaw|failed assassin]], and currently in the possession of [[Petyr Baelish]].
 +
*Valyrian steel ''[[arakh]]'' owned by [[Caggo]].{{Ref|aDwD|25}}
 +
*Valyrian steel axe reputedly possessed by [[House Celtigar]].{{Ref|aSoS|36}}
  
*Valyrian steel [[Arakh]] owned by [[Caggo]] {{Ref|aDwD|25}}.
+
'''Blades with known fates:'''
  
'''Blades with known fate:'''
+
*[[Ice]], the ancestral two-handed greatsword of [[House Stark]]. Following [[Eddard Stark]]'s execution in King's Landing, it is reforged into two longswords ([[Widow's Wail]] and [[Oathkeeper]]).
*'''[[Ice]]''', the ancestral two handed greatsword of [[House Stark]]. Following [[Eddard Stark]]'s execution in King's Landing, it was melted down and reforged into two longswords(those being '''[[Widow's Wail]]''' and '''[[Oathkeeper]]''').
 
  
'''Blades with unknown fate:'''
+
'''Blades with unknown fates:'''
*'''[[Blackfyre]]''', the sword of [[Aegon I Targaryen]]. Carried by all [[Targaryen]] kings till [[Aegon IV]] who gave it to his bastard [[Daemon Blackfyre]] who rose in rebellion against the Targaryens, taking the sword's name for his house. Its whereabouts are currently unknown.  
+
 
*'''[[Brightroar]]''', the ancestral sword of [[House Lannister]], lost when King [[Tommen II Lannister]] of the Rock sailed to Valyria and never returned.
+
*[[Blackfyre]], the sword of [[Aegon I Targaryen]]. Carried by all [[House Targaryen|Targaryen]] kings until [[Aegon IV Targaryen|Aegon IV]], who gave it to his bastard [[Daemon I Blackfyre|Daemon]], who rose in rebellion against the Targaryens, taking the sword's name for his house. Its whereabouts are currently unknown.  
*'''[[Dark Sister]]''', the sword wielded by [[Visenya Targaryen]]. The last known owner was [[Bloodraven]].
+
*[[Brightroar]], the ancestral sword of [[House Lannister]], lost when King [[Tommen II Lannister]] of the Rock sailed to Valyria and never returned.
*'''[[Vigilance]]''', ancestral sword of [[House Hightower]]. {{ref|tpatq}}
+
*[[Dark Sister]], the sword wielded by [[Visenya Targaryen]]. Its last known owner was [[Brynden Rivers|Brynden "Bloodraven" Rivers]].
*'''[[Orphan-Maker]]''', ancestral sword of [[House Roxton]]. {{ref|tpatq}}
+
*[[Lamentation (sword)|Lamentation]], the ancestral sword of [[House Royce]], lost in the [[Storming of the Dragonpit]].{{ref|twoiaf}}
 +
*[[Orphan-Maker]], the ancestral sword of [[House Roxton]]. Its last known owner was Ser [[Jon Roxton]].{{ref|tpatq}}
 +
*[[Truth (sword)|Truth]], a Valyrian steel sword last carried by [[Moredo Rogare]] of [[Lys]].{{ref|twoiaf| The Quarrelsome Daughters: Myr, Lys, and Tyrosh}}
 +
*[[Vigilance]], the ancestral sword of [[House Hightower]]. Its last known owner was Lord [[Ormund Hightower]].{{ref|tpatq}}
  
 
==Other objects==
 
==Other objects==
*A very small number of [[Maester]]s have Valyrian steel links in their collars, representing their study of magic and occultism. Among them are Maester [[Luwin]] and Archmaester [[Marwyn]].  Marwyn also has a ring, a rod and a mask of Valyrian steel.{{Ref|ACOK|28}}{{Ref|AFFC|Appendix}}
+
*A small number of [[maesters]], including Maester [[Luwin]] and Archmaester [[Marwyn]], have Valyrian steel links in their collars, representing their study of magic and occultism. Marwyn also has a ring, a rod and a mask of Valyrian steel.{{Ref|ACOK|28}}{{Ref|AFFC|Appendix}} The maesters who gain Valyrian steel links do not have to forge the metal themselves.<ref>[[So Spake Martin]]: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/Maester_Chains_and_Valyrian_Steel_Links Maester Chains and Valyrian Steel Links], June 20, 2001</ref>
*[[Dragonbinder]] - a [[Dragon Horn]] banded with red gold and Valyrian steel.
+
*[[Dragonbinder]] - a [[dragon horn]] banded with red gold and Valyrian steel.{{ref|affc|19}}
 +
*The [[crown]] worn by [[Aegon I Targaryen]] and some of his successors in the Targaryen dynasty, a circlet of Valyrian steel studded with rubies.{{ref|twoiaf| The Reign of the Dragons: The Conquest}} It was last worn by King [[Daeron I Targaryen]], and lost after his death in  [[Dorne]].{{ref|twoiaf| The Targaryen Kings: Maekar I}}
 +
*A suit of black scale armor worn by Euron Greyjoy.<ref name="Forsaken"/>
 +
 
 +
==Quotes==
 +
{{Quote|"[[Ice]]," that sword was called. It was as wide across as a man's hand, and taller even than [[Robb Stark]]. The blade was Valyrian steel, spell-forged and dark as smoke. Nothing held an edge like Valyrian steel.{{ref|agot|1}}}} - thoughts of [[Bran Stark]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{{Quote|I heard of a man who had a razor made of Valyrian steel. He cut his head off trying to shave.{{ref|agot|60}}}} - [[Todder|Toad]] to [[Jon Snow]]
 +
 
  
==Dragonsteel==
+
{{Quote|Valyrian steel blades were scarce and costly, yet thousands remained in the world, perhaps two hundred in the Seven Kingdoms alone.{{Ref|aSoS|32}}}} - thoughts of [[Tyrion Lannister]]
When looking in the archives of the [[Night's Watch]] for a way to combat the [[Others]] Sam reads about "''Dragonsteel''". He and [[Jon Snow]] think with this Valyrian Steel may be meant.{{ref|affc|5}}{{ref|adwd|7}}
 
  
==Quotes==
+
 
{{Quote|Valyrian steel blades were scarce and costly, yet thousands remained in the world, perhaps two hundred in the Seven Kingdoms alone.{{Ref|aSoS|32}}}} [[A Storm of Swords]]
+
{{quote|A man who bears Valyrian steel should use it for more than scratching his arse.{{ref|ADWD|3}}}} - [[Godry Farring]] to [[Jon Snow]]
  
  
{{Quote|Valyrian steel is a fantasy metal. Which means it has magical characteristics, and magic plays a role in its forging. <ref> [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Category/C91/P30/ So Spake Martin. The Process of Making Valyrian Steel.] (November 06, 2002)</ref>}} [[GRRM]]
+
{{Quote|Valyrian steel is a fantasy metal. Which means it has magical characteristics, and magic plays a role in its forging.<ref name="Process">[[So Spake Martin]]: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/The_Process_of_Making_Valyrian_Steel The Process of Making Valyrian Steel], November 06, 2002</ref>}} - [[George R. R. Martin]]
  
  
{{Quote|Valyrian steel was always costly, but it became considerably more so when there was no more Valyria, and the secret of its making were lost. <ref>[http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Category/C91/ So Spake Martin. On Valyrian Steel and Twist Endings.] March 16, 2008</ref>}} [[GRRM]]
+
{{Quote|Valyrian steel was always costly, but it became considerably more so when there was no more Valyria, and the secret of its making were lost.<ref name="valyria"/>}} - [[George R. R. Martin]]
  
==References and Sources==
+
==References==
{{references|2|refs=
+
{{references|refs=
   <ref name=Producing>Producing Valyrian Steel. (March 11, 2001) [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Category/C91/P105/ So Spake Martin]</ref>
+
   <ref name=Producing>[[So Spake Martin]]: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/1153/ Producing Valyrian Steel], March 11, 2001</ref>
 
}}
 
}}
  
 +
[[Category:Valyrian steel blades| ]]
 
[[Category:Substances]]
 
[[Category:Substances]]
 
[[Category:Valyria]]
 
[[Category:Valyria]]
[[Category:Valyrian steel blades| ]]
 
  
 +
[[es:Acero valyrio]]
 +
[[fa:فولاد والریایی]]
 
[[fr:Acier valyrien]]
 
[[fr:Acier valyrien]]
 
[[ru:Валирийская сталь]]
 
[[ru:Валирийская сталь]]
 
[[zh:瓦雷利亚钢]]
 
[[zh:瓦雷利亚钢]]

Revision as of 19:14, 23 February 2018

Valyrian steel was invented in Valyria, and was used to make weapons and various other items of unparalleled quality. Magic and spells play a role in its forging, which makes the steel special and gives it magical characteristics.[1][2][3]

History

Valyrian steel, possibly forged with dragons,[4] was manufactured in the Valyrian Freehold of old. Valyrian steel blades are lighter, stronger, and sharper than even the best castle-forged steel. The blades feature distinctive rippled patterns (similar to real-world Damascus steel), the mark of steel that has been folded back on itself many thousands of times.[5] There may be thousands of Valyrian steel blades remaining in the world, but in Westeros there are only 227 such weapons according to Archmaester Thurgood's Inventories, some of which have since been lost or have disappeared from recorded history.[6] Most Valyrian steel blades in Westeros are treasured heirlooms of noble houses, each with its own name and storied history, and even impoverished lesser houses are unwilling to give them up.[5]

Valyrian steel was always costly, but it became considerably more so when there was no more Valyria, the secret of its making lost with the Doom.[7] Only the greatest weaponsmiths can reforge swords from existing Valyrian steel, making those remaining weapons highly treasured and extremely rare.[5] The blacksmiths of Qohor claim to know the magics for reforging Valyrian steel without losing its strength or unsurpassed ability to hold an edge.[8][6]

Recent Events

A Game of Thrones

Lord Eddard Stark uses Ice to execute Gared, a deserter from the Night's Watch.[9]

A catspaw tries to assassinate Bran Stark with a Valyrian steel dagger, but he is instead slain by Summer. Bran's mother, Catelyn Stark, show the dagger to Petyr Baelish, who claims to have lost the dagger in the tourney on Prince Joffrey's name day.[10]

In gratitude for having been saved from a wight, Lord Commander Jeor Mormont gives Longclaw to Jon Snow.[11]

Ser Ilyn Payne uses Ice to execute Ned Stark in King's Landing.[12]

A Storm of Swords

Lord Tywin Lannister has Tobho Mott, a blacksmith trained in Qohor, reforge Ice into two new Valyrian blades.[5] The first, Widow's Wail, is given to King Joffrey I Baratheon as a wedding gift by his grandfather, Tywin. Joffrey chooses its name from the shouted suggestion of an unnamed guest.[13] Following Joffrey's death at his wedding feast, ownership of Widow's Wail presumably passes to his younger brother, King Tommen I.

Tywin gives the second blade to his son, Ser Jaime Lannister. Jaime then gives it to Brienne of Tarth for use in her quest to locate Sansa Stark, and he asks her to name it Oathkeeper.[14]

A Feast for Crows

When looking in the Night's Watch's archives, Samwell Tarly reads about dragonsteel, which he and Jon Snow think might have been Valyrian steel.[15][16]

A Dance with Dragons

During the siege of Astapor, the sellsword Caggo fights with a Valyrian steel arakh.[17]

The Winds of Winter

Content.png
Warning
This information has thus far been released in a sample chapter for The Winds of Winter, and might therefore not be in finalized form. Keep in mind that the content as described below is still subject to change.

Euron Greyjoy is seen by his captive brother, Aeron, in a suit of black scale armor which Aeron believes to be Valyrian steel. Aeron believes it would have cost a kingdom even before the Doom of Valyria.[18]

List of known Valyrian steel blades

Blades known to still exist:

Blades with known fates:

Blades with unknown fates:

Other objects

  • A small number of maesters, including Maester Luwin and Archmaester Marwyn, have Valyrian steel links in their collars, representing their study of magic and occultism. Marwyn also has a ring, a rod and a mask of Valyrian steel.[25][26] The maesters who gain Valyrian steel links do not have to forge the metal themselves.[27]
  • Dragonbinder - a dragon horn banded with red gold and Valyrian steel.[19]
  • The crown worn by Aegon I Targaryen and some of his successors in the Targaryen dynasty, a circlet of Valyrian steel studded with rubies.[28] It was last worn by King Daeron I Targaryen, and lost after his death in Dorne.[29]
  • A suit of black scale armor worn by Euron Greyjoy.[18]

Quotes

"Ice," that sword was called. It was as wide across as a man's hand, and taller even than Robb Stark. The blade was Valyrian steel, spell-forged and dark as smoke. Nothing held an edge like Valyrian steel.[9]

- thoughts of Bran Stark


I heard of a man who had a razor made of Valyrian steel. He cut his head off trying to shave.[11]

- Toad to Jon Snow


Valyrian steel blades were scarce and costly, yet thousands remained in the world, perhaps two hundred in the Seven Kingdoms alone.[5]

- thoughts of Tyrion Lannister


A man who bears Valyrian steel should use it for more than scratching his arse.[30]

- Godry Farring to Jon Snow


Valyrian steel is a fantasy metal. Which means it has magical characteristics, and magic plays a role in its forging.[3]

- George R. R. Martin


Valyrian steel was always costly, but it became considerably more so when there was no more Valyria, and the secret of its making were lost.[7]

- George R. R. Martin

References

  1. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 2, Catelyn I.
  2. So Spake Martin: Producing Valyrian Steel, March 11, 2001
  3. 3.0 3.1 So Spake Martin: The Process of Making Valyrian Steel, November 06, 2002
  4. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 72, Daenerys X.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.
  6. 6.0 6.1 The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: Valyria's Children.
  7. 7.0 7.1 So Spake Martin: On Valyrian Steel and Twist Endings, March 16, 2008
  8. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 27, Eddard VI.
  9. 9.0 9.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 1, Bran I.
  10. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 18, Catelyn IV.
  11. 11.0 11.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 60, Jon VIII.
  12. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 65, Arya V.
  13. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 60, Tyrion VIII.
  14. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 72, Jaime IX.
  15. A Feast for Crows, Chapter 5, Samwell I.
  16. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 7, Jon II.
  17. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 60, The Spurned Suitor.
  18. 18.0 18.1 The Winds of Winter, The Forsaken
  19. 19.0 19.1 A Feast for Crows, Chapter 19, The Drowned Man.
  20. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 25, The Windblown.
  21. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 36, Davos IV.
  22. The World of Ice & Fire.
  23. 23.0 23.1 The Princess and the Queen.
  24. The World of Ice & Fire, The Quarrelsome Daughters: Myr, Lys, and Tyrosh.
  25. A Clash of Kings, Chapter 28, Bran IV.
  26. A Feast for Crows, Appendix.
  27. So Spake Martin: Maester Chains and Valyrian Steel Links, June 20, 2001
  28. The World of Ice & Fire, The Reign of the Dragons: The Conquest.
  29. The World of Ice & Fire, The Targaryen Kings: Maekar I.
  30. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 3, Jon I.